Chapter Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for
... Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850. The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence). The gl ...
... Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850. The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence). The gl ...
The limits to biogeographical distributions: insights from the
... 1979; Morris et al., 1980; Doyle, 1985). A 325-km northward extension K. kelletii (Fig. 1) to its present limit in Monterey Bay (CA, USA) occurred during a period of both seawater warming (Roemmich, 1992; Barry et al., 1995) and substantial variation in ocean circulation (McGowan et al., 1998). In t ...
... 1979; Morris et al., 1980; Doyle, 1985). A 325-km northward extension K. kelletii (Fig. 1) to its present limit in Monterey Bay (CA, USA) occurred during a period of both seawater warming (Roemmich, 1992; Barry et al., 1995) and substantial variation in ocean circulation (McGowan et al., 1998). In t ...
Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean
... (Fig. 5). Ref. 25 reports four more data points from ancient corals preceding the twentieth century, the oldest one from AD ∼500. These lie all above 10.5h, providing (albeit limited) evidence that the downward excursion to values below 10h between 1975 and 1995 and the corresponding water mass chan ...
... (Fig. 5). Ref. 25 reports four more data points from ancient corals preceding the twentieth century, the oldest one from AD ∼500. These lie all above 10.5h, providing (albeit limited) evidence that the downward excursion to values below 10h between 1975 and 1995 and the corresponding water mass chan ...
Adaptation of crops to climate change through genotypic responses
... et al., 2005). There is also some evidence that the beneficial impacts of CO2 may not be as large as previously thought (Long et al., 2005). These observations are merely suggestive, however; there may be an interaction between high CO2 and high temperature stress that, if parameterised, would produ ...
... et al., 2005). There is also some evidence that the beneficial impacts of CO2 may not be as large as previously thought (Long et al., 2005). These observations are merely suggestive, however; there may be an interaction between high CO2 and high temperature stress that, if parameterised, would produ ...
Pulse response functions are cost-e cient tools to model the link
... to estimate the abatement and mitigation cost of climate change. Such diculties may be overcome if the information contained in complex models is extracted in form of their pulse response function (Green's function) (e.g., Hasselmann et al., 1996; Joos et al., 1996; Siegenthaler and Oeschger, 1978) ...
... to estimate the abatement and mitigation cost of climate change. Such diculties may be overcome if the information contained in complex models is extracted in form of their pulse response function (Green's function) (e.g., Hasselmann et al., 1996; Joos et al., 1996; Siegenthaler and Oeschger, 1978) ...
Document
... • the process as a whole would occur over 1000’s of km (a couple of days to oxidize DMS to SO2…transport away from any phytoplankton bloom) • on the whole, is the ocean light or temperature limited? Regional behaviour? • how important is MBL nucleation vs. FT detrainment? • how do sea salt and organ ...
... • the process as a whole would occur over 1000’s of km (a couple of days to oxidize DMS to SO2…transport away from any phytoplankton bloom) • on the whole, is the ocean light or temperature limited? Regional behaviour? • how important is MBL nucleation vs. FT detrainment? • how do sea salt and organ ...
Urban Transit Systems and Conditions of Enhanced Climate Variability
... resulting in substantially greater temperature increases. Urban heat islands result from intense urban development that causes warmer temperatures in cities as opposed to outlying areas. The urban heat island phenomena are particularly observed at night.8 8 Observed global temperature data has been ...
... resulting in substantially greater temperature increases. Urban heat islands result from intense urban development that causes warmer temperatures in cities as opposed to outlying areas. The urban heat island phenomena are particularly observed at night.8 8 Observed global temperature data has been ...
General Climate Impacts
... Under the high emissions scenario (A2), the central estimate of the simulations suggests Tasmania will experience a change in mean temperature of 2.9 °C over the 21st century (model range 2.6 °C to 3.3 °C). The temperature increase for Tasmania under this emissions scenario is less than the projecte ...
... Under the high emissions scenario (A2), the central estimate of the simulations suggests Tasmania will experience a change in mean temperature of 2.9 °C over the 21st century (model range 2.6 °C to 3.3 °C). The temperature increase for Tasmania under this emissions scenario is less than the projecte ...
April 2013 News - South Asian Dialogues on Ecological Democracy
... Researchers at Columbia Engineering and Boston University have developed the first method to map evaporation globally using weather stations, which will help scientists evaluate water resource management, assess recent trends of evaporation throughout the globe, and validate surface hydrologic model ...
... Researchers at Columbia Engineering and Boston University have developed the first method to map evaporation globally using weather stations, which will help scientists evaluate water resource management, assess recent trends of evaporation throughout the globe, and validate surface hydrologic model ...
How to communicate the scientific consensus on climate change
... between-subject design with a total of eleven treatment conditions, each of which contained approximately 100 participants. In order to disguise the real purpose of the experiment, subjects were informed at the start of the survey that they were participating in a public opinion poll about popular t ...
... between-subject design with a total of eleven treatment conditions, each of which contained approximately 100 participants. In order to disguise the real purpose of the experiment, subjects were informed at the start of the survey that they were participating in a public opinion poll about popular t ...
Winners and losers: Ecological and biogeochemical changes in a
... phases, the three-dimensional ocean is forced with prescribed wind fields. These fields have variability as provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) [Kalnay et al., 1996] reanalysis (detrended winds over the period 1948 to 2007 are employed; these winds are “recycled” for y ...
... phases, the three-dimensional ocean is forced with prescribed wind fields. These fields have variability as provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) [Kalnay et al., 1996] reanalysis (detrended winds over the period 1948 to 2007 are employed; these winds are “recycled” for y ...
Visual Salience in Climate Change Imagery is in the Eye of the
... which elements are viewed, including elements viewed first or longest, elements that attract, or do not attract, attention and general sense of image comprehension. More specific analysis of element gaze order provides evidence of confusion; switching repeatedly back to specific explanatory element ...
... which elements are viewed, including elements viewed first or longest, elements that attract, or do not attract, attention and general sense of image comprehension. More specific analysis of element gaze order provides evidence of confusion; switching repeatedly back to specific explanatory element ...
Climate change in Australia | Rangelands cluster report
... periods: the near future 2020–2039 (herein referred to as 2030) and late in the century 2080–2099 (herein referred to as 2090). The spread of model results are presented as the range between the 10th and 90th percentile in the CMIP5 ensemble output. For each time period, the model spread can be attr ...
... periods: the near future 2020–2039 (herein referred to as 2030) and late in the century 2080–2099 (herein referred to as 2090). The spread of model results are presented as the range between the 10th and 90th percentile in the CMIP5 ensemble output. For each time period, the model spread can be attr ...
Worksheets on Climate Change: Going under! The threat of rising
... The threat of rising sea levels for the small island nation of Tuvalu The scenarios and warnings of international scientists regarding climate change and its inevitable consequences must seem like a constant sword of Damocles hanging over the people of Tuvalu. In its new report (2013), the Intergove ...
... The threat of rising sea levels for the small island nation of Tuvalu The scenarios and warnings of international scientists regarding climate change and its inevitable consequences must seem like a constant sword of Damocles hanging over the people of Tuvalu. In its new report (2013), the Intergove ...
The Climate Beta
... This simple idea can easily be implemented through the Consumptionbased Capital Asset Pricing (CCAPM) theory developed by Lucas (1978). Lucas showed that an investment raises intertemporal social welfare if and only if its Net Present Value (NPV) is positive, where the NPV is obtained by discounting ...
... This simple idea can easily be implemented through the Consumptionbased Capital Asset Pricing (CCAPM) theory developed by Lucas (1978). Lucas showed that an investment raises intertemporal social welfare if and only if its Net Present Value (NPV) is positive, where the NPV is obtained by discounting ...
Brief 1 Climate Finance Fundamentals
... a coherent framework by which the relative worth of different new funding mechanisms to tackle climate change can be assessed and compared. ...
... a coherent framework by which the relative worth of different new funding mechanisms to tackle climate change can be assessed and compared. ...
Based on CFS - Dr. R. Krishnan - Indian Institute of Tropical
... Questions : On Projections of Monsoon What will happen to the monsoon hydrological cycle 50-100 years from now under different scenarios? In particular, will the quantum of seasonal mean rainfall increase or decrease and if so by how much? What is the uncertainty in these projections? Can we qua ...
... Questions : On Projections of Monsoon What will happen to the monsoon hydrological cycle 50-100 years from now under different scenarios? In particular, will the quantum of seasonal mean rainfall increase or decrease and if so by how much? What is the uncertainty in these projections? Can we qua ...
Altai Sayan Ecoregion
... analysis of regional changes is both extremely important and very timely. The amount of warming that has taken place in the 20th century has proven to be greater than at any other time in the recent millen nium. It was determined that the 1990s were the warmest years, and the year of 1998 was marke ...
... analysis of regional changes is both extremely important and very timely. The amount of warming that has taken place in the 20th century has proven to be greater than at any other time in the recent millen nium. It was determined that the 1990s were the warmest years, and the year of 1998 was marke ...
Climate change and marine plankton
... and contract in line with funding levels. The CalCOFI programme off the coast of California began to sample mesozooplankton during 1949 using ring nets deployed at a regular grid of stations [65]. However, by the 1970s, funding cuts meant that the spatial coverage was reduced, with no sampling condu ...
... and contract in line with funding levels. The CalCOFI programme off the coast of California began to sample mesozooplankton during 1949 using ring nets deployed at a regular grid of stations [65]. However, by the 1970s, funding cuts meant that the spatial coverage was reduced, with no sampling condu ...
Global warming hiatus
A global warming hiatus, also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown, is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures. In the current episode of global warming many such periods are evident in the surface temperature record, along with robust evidence of the long term warming trend.The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006 assertions had been made that this showed that global warming had stopped. A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional, and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability, the rising temperature trend continued unabated. There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend, the IPCC included a section on a hiatus, which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012, than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012. Various studies examined possible causes of the short term slowdown. Even though the overall climate system had continued to accumulate energy due to Earth's positive energy budget, the available temperature readings at the earth's surface indicated slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade. Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space, the retained energy should be producing warming in at least one of the five parts of Earth's climate system.A July 2015 paper on the updated NOAA dataset cast doubt on the existence of this supposed hiatus, and found no indication of a slowdown. This analysis incorporated the latest corrections for known biases in ocean temperature measurements, and new land temperature data. Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study, though the view was expressed that the short term warming trend had been slower than in previous periods of the same length.