Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward
... observed [22,25] appear to reflect differential neuronal coding of motivational value rather than nonspecific changes in attention level [26]. Taken together, the results of these studies contradict traditional views of TAN function, which consider the response properties of this neuronal system as ...
... observed [22,25] appear to reflect differential neuronal coding of motivational value rather than nonspecific changes in attention level [26]. Taken together, the results of these studies contradict traditional views of TAN function, which consider the response properties of this neuronal system as ...
The sympathetic control of blood pressure.
... level of sympathetic tone present at rest is presumably crucial for long-term blood pressure (BP) control. The network that sets this background level is located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), the spinal cord, the hypothalamus and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Limbic, cortic ...
... level of sympathetic tone present at rest is presumably crucial for long-term blood pressure (BP) control. The network that sets this background level is located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), the spinal cord, the hypothalamus and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Limbic, cortic ...
Visual and Oculomotor Functions of Monkey Subthalamic Nucleus
... task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while the monkey was fixating. The depression at of the magneticsearch-coiltechnique ( Robinson 1963) . The behavioraltasksaswell asstora ...
... task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while the monkey was fixating. The depression at of the magneticsearch-coiltechnique ( Robinson 1963) . The behavioraltasksaswell asstora ...
Text - ETH E
... This article focuses on recent modeling studies of dopamine neuron activity and their influence on behavior. Activity of midbrain dopamine neurons is phasically increased by stimuli that increase the animal’s reward expectation and is decreased below baseline levels when the reward fails to occur. T ...
... This article focuses on recent modeling studies of dopamine neuron activity and their influence on behavior. Activity of midbrain dopamine neurons is phasically increased by stimuli that increase the animal’s reward expectation and is decreased below baseline levels when the reward fails to occur. T ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex during Licking
... model dimension.] The significance of each term was assessed according to the 2 distribution. Neurons were classified as chemosensory if they could both discriminate between reinforced and unreinforced licks and between tastants [i.e., the coefficients of the model that corresponded to reinforceme ...
... model dimension.] The significance of each term was assessed according to the 2 distribution. Neurons were classified as chemosensory if they could both discriminate between reinforced and unreinforced licks and between tastants [i.e., the coefficients of the model that corresponded to reinforceme ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex
... model dimension.] The significance of each term was assessed according to the ' 2 distribution. Neurons were classified as chemosensory if they could both discriminate between reinforced and unreinforced licks and between tastants [i.e., the coefficients of the model that corresponded to reinforceme ...
... model dimension.] The significance of each term was assessed according to the ' 2 distribution. Neurons were classified as chemosensory if they could both discriminate between reinforced and unreinforced licks and between tastants [i.e., the coefficients of the model that corresponded to reinforceme ...
Extended PDF
... signals were presented para-foveally or peripherally for smalldisparity trials, they were presented in the periphery for largedisparity trials. Interaction between Spatial Disparity and Visual Reliability For completeness, we also observed an interaction between reliability and spatial disparity in ...
... signals were presented para-foveally or peripherally for smalldisparity trials, they were presented in the periphery for largedisparity trials. Interaction between Spatial Disparity and Visual Reliability For completeness, we also observed an interaction between reliability and spatial disparity in ...
Topographic Maps in Human Frontal Cortex Revealed in Memory
... directions and memorized locations predominantly in the contralateral hemifield with neighboring saccade directions and memorized locations represented in adjacent locations of the map. Particular saccade directions or memorized locations were often represented in multiple locations of the map. The ...
... directions and memorized locations predominantly in the contralateral hemifield with neighboring saccade directions and memorized locations represented in adjacent locations of the map. Particular saccade directions or memorized locations were often represented in multiple locations of the map. The ...
Rewardcircuit - URMC - University of Rochester
... The reward circuit, now considered to be embedded within the cortico-basal ganglia network, is a central component for developing and monitoring motivated behaviors. Historically, however, the basal ganglia were best known for their relevance to motor functions, based both on the neuropathology of m ...
... The reward circuit, now considered to be embedded within the cortico-basal ganglia network, is a central component for developing and monitoring motivated behaviors. Historically, however, the basal ganglia were best known for their relevance to motor functions, based both on the neuropathology of m ...
ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF VISUAL PROCESSING John H
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... at the beginning of a session to produce a brief (2-5 s) pupillary dilation. The US was delivered to the subcutaneous tissue of the forepaw contralateral to the recording site via a pair of fine wire electrodes. Pupillary size was monitored by an infrared pupillometer (Cassady, Farley, Weinberger, & ...
... at the beginning of a session to produce a brief (2-5 s) pupillary dilation. The US was delivered to the subcutaneous tissue of the forepaw contralateral to the recording site via a pair of fine wire electrodes. Pupillary size was monitored by an infrared pupillometer (Cassady, Farley, Weinberger, & ...
Getting Over It: Long-Lasting Effects of Emotion
... two recent studies found that amygdala responses to previously reappraised stimuli remained attenuated at the end of a single experimental session—10 to 15 min after regulation took place (Erk et al., 2010; Walter et al., 2009)—it is unknown whether and under what circumstances this attenuation ca ...
... two recent studies found that amygdala responses to previously reappraised stimuli remained attenuated at the end of a single experimental session—10 to 15 min after regulation took place (Erk et al., 2010; Walter et al., 2009)—it is unknown whether and under what circumstances this attenuation ca ...
In VivoCalcium Imaging Reveals Functional Rewiring of Single
... Foundation of Canada, CIHR, Canadian Stroke Network, and AstraZeneca Canada). Partial support for surgery, hardware, and software development was derived from the University of British Columbia In Vivo Imaging Centre (funded by CIHR Grant PRG-80144). We thank Ping Li, Pumin Wang, and Heidi Erb for e ...
... Foundation of Canada, CIHR, Canadian Stroke Network, and AstraZeneca Canada). Partial support for surgery, hardware, and software development was derived from the University of British Columbia In Vivo Imaging Centre (funded by CIHR Grant PRG-80144). We thank Ping Li, Pumin Wang, and Heidi Erb for e ...
SENSE AND THE SINGLE NEURON: Probing the Physiology of
... in principle, open to experimental test, but for some criteria, no experimental test may be immediately available, owing to current technical limitations. To the extent that these criteria are fulfilled, we would feel increasingly certain about a proposed link between neural activity and perception. ...
... in principle, open to experimental test, but for some criteria, no experimental test may be immediately available, owing to current technical limitations. To the extent that these criteria are fulfilled, we would feel increasingly certain about a proposed link between neural activity and perception. ...
How Acupuncture works - Chinese Acupuncture Associates on the
... Be suspected as a scientific modality for health care because the Qi or channel Network of traditional Chinese medicine is invisible in human body. In 1962, R..Molzack and P.wall developed the "gate control theory of Pain " and it has Been recognized as a mechanism of pain[1]. Furthermore,B.James in ...
... Be suspected as a scientific modality for health care because the Qi or channel Network of traditional Chinese medicine is invisible in human body. In 1962, R..Molzack and P.wall developed the "gate control theory of Pain " and it has Been recognized as a mechanism of pain[1]. Furthermore,B.James in ...
Models and Measurements of Functional Maps in V1
... the cortical maps of orientation, spatial frequency, and direction preference did not provide an appropriate description of cortical activity and, instead, proposed an alternative description of cortical organization: rather than having several separable parameters mapped across the cortical surface ...
... the cortical maps of orientation, spatial frequency, and direction preference did not provide an appropriate description of cortical activity and, instead, proposed an alternative description of cortical organization: rather than having several separable parameters mapped across the cortical surface ...
Neurophysiology of synesthesia. - Hal-CEA
... While there have been numerous neuroimaging studies of synesthesia, they have tended to yield somewhat inconsistent results. One thing to bear in mind when evaluating these discrepant results is that all current studies have been statistically underpowered. Standard whole brain fMRI analyses using S ...
... While there have been numerous neuroimaging studies of synesthesia, they have tended to yield somewhat inconsistent results. One thing to bear in mind when evaluating these discrepant results is that all current studies have been statistically underpowered. Standard whole brain fMRI analyses using S ...
Differential Temporal Storage Capacity in the Baseline Activity of
... that spontaneous fluctuations in neuronal activity reflect intrinsic functional brain architecture. Inspired by these findings, we analyzed baseline neuronal activity in the monkey frontal eye field (FEF; a visuomotor area) and area V4 (a visual area) during the fixation period of a cognitive behavi ...
... that spontaneous fluctuations in neuronal activity reflect intrinsic functional brain architecture. Inspired by these findings, we analyzed baseline neuronal activity in the monkey frontal eye field (FEF; a visuomotor area) and area V4 (a visual area) during the fixation period of a cognitive behavi ...
Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the
... pleasantness vs. unpleasantness. A recent functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging (fMRI) study (Anderson et al., 2003) found that activation of the amygdala was associated with intensity and of the orbitofrontal cortex with the valence of two odours, but only two different odours (citral and vale ...
... pleasantness vs. unpleasantness. A recent functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging (fMRI) study (Anderson et al., 2003) found that activation of the amygdala was associated with intensity and of the orbitofrontal cortex with the valence of two odours, but only two different odours (citral and vale ...
Action Preparation Shapes Processing in Early Visual Cortex
... anatomical scan was acquired at lower field due to intensity inhomogeneities at higher field, which interfered with the flat-mapping procedure. For registration purposes, a partial volume T1 was acquired for each subject at the 7T scanner (voxel size: 0.97 ⫻ 0.97 mm; slice thickness 1 mm, 44 slices) ...
... anatomical scan was acquired at lower field due to intensity inhomogeneities at higher field, which interfered with the flat-mapping procedure. For registration purposes, a partial volume T1 was acquired for each subject at the 7T scanner (voxel size: 0.97 ⫻ 0.97 mm; slice thickness 1 mm, 44 slices) ...
The role of neuronal synchronization in selective attention
... behavioural responses was spatially selective: neurons activated by an unattended stimulus showed the lowest synchronization when the monkeys were particularly fast in detecting changes of the attended stimulus that were outside their neuronal receptive fields [6]. Thus, the strength of synchroniz ...
... behavioural responses was spatially selective: neurons activated by an unattended stimulus showed the lowest synchronization when the monkeys were particularly fast in detecting changes of the attended stimulus that were outside their neuronal receptive fields [6]. Thus, the strength of synchroniz ...
Domain-general mechanisms of complex working memory span
... between the neuroimaging and psychometric/behavioral literatures by addressing these earlier limitations. The measurement of WM capacity Variation in WM capacity across individuals correlates strongly with performance on a range of complex cognitive tasks (e.g., verbal SAT, Ravens Matrices, etc.). T ...
... between the neuroimaging and psychometric/behavioral literatures by addressing these earlier limitations. The measurement of WM capacity Variation in WM capacity across individuals correlates strongly with performance on a range of complex cognitive tasks (e.g., verbal SAT, Ravens Matrices, etc.). T ...
Two Types of Neurons in the Primate Globus
... The globus pallidus external segment (GPe) constitutes part of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Because of inhibitory projections from the striatum, most GPe neurons are expected to reduce activity during movements. However, many GPe neurons in fact display increased activity. We previousl ...
... The globus pallidus external segment (GPe) constitutes part of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Because of inhibitory projections from the striatum, most GPe neurons are expected to reduce activity during movements. However, many GPe neurons in fact display increased activity. We previousl ...
Print
... Four young adult, male squirrel monkeys were used in accordance with an approved institutional protocol and congruent with applicable international, national, state, and institutional welfare guidelines. Inhalation of a halothane:nitrous oxide:oxygen (2:48:50%) mixture was used to reach a surgical p ...
... Four young adult, male squirrel monkeys were used in accordance with an approved institutional protocol and congruent with applicable international, national, state, and institutional welfare guidelines. Inhalation of a halothane:nitrous oxide:oxygen (2:48:50%) mixture was used to reach a surgical p ...
Memory consolidation in humans: new evidence and opportunities
... In an MVPA analysis, an fMRI data set is split into two; one part is set aside, and the other is used to train a computer algorithm, or classifier, to learn over multiple trials the patterns of activity across voxels that are associated with specific stimuli. The classifier is then applied to the da ...
... In an MVPA analysis, an fMRI data set is split into two; one part is set aside, and the other is used to train a computer algorithm, or classifier, to learn over multiple trials the patterns of activity across voxels that are associated with specific stimuli. The classifier is then applied to the da ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.