Neuroanatomical correlates of the near response: voluntary
... down, cognitive-perceptual processing occurs within the accommodative system. ...
... down, cognitive-perceptual processing occurs within the accommodative system. ...
Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus–external
... (STN) and GABAergic neurons of the external globus pallidus (GPe) form a key network within the basal ganglia [7–9]. The principal source of afferent input to the basal ganglia, the cerebral cortex, influences the STN–GPe network, directly via monosynaptic projections or indirectly via GABAergic str ...
... (STN) and GABAergic neurons of the external globus pallidus (GPe) form a key network within the basal ganglia [7–9]. The principal source of afferent input to the basal ganglia, the cerebral cortex, influences the STN–GPe network, directly via monosynaptic projections or indirectly via GABAergic str ...
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials
... across the visual field (Andersen et al., 2010). However, one potential problem with the use of spike signals recorded from chronic MEAs is that the isolation of single neurons deteriorates over short time periods (Dickey et al., 2009; Chestek et al., 2011; Perge et al., 2013), leaving LFPs as the o ...
... across the visual field (Andersen et al., 2010). However, one potential problem with the use of spike signals recorded from chronic MEAs is that the isolation of single neurons deteriorates over short time periods (Dickey et al., 2009; Chestek et al., 2011; Perge et al., 2013), leaving LFPs as the o ...
Paying attention to consciousness - What is Neuro
... The paper starts with a brief survey of the nature of attention. I then briefly review engineering control, and more specific motor control concepts, in Section 3. A general control model for sensory attention is developed in Section 4, including simple simulations which support the presence of cert ...
... The paper starts with a brief survey of the nature of attention. I then briefly review engineering control, and more specific motor control concepts, in Section 3. A general control model for sensory attention is developed in Section 4, including simple simulations which support the presence of cert ...
Anatomical organization of the eye fields in the human and non
... with low threshold microstimulation exhibits a specific cytoarchitectonic feature, i.e. large neurons in layer V. Indeed, new combined physiological/architectonic studies are now needed to examine the precise relation of the frontal eye field to traditional architectonic areas. Several single unit rec ...
... with low threshold microstimulation exhibits a specific cytoarchitectonic feature, i.e. large neurons in layer V. Indeed, new combined physiological/architectonic studies are now needed to examine the precise relation of the frontal eye field to traditional architectonic areas. Several single unit rec ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... learning signals to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex, where they are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be ...
... learning signals to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex, where they are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be ...
Neural Coding of Distinct Statistical Properties of
... Schultz and colleagues have provided a theoretical framework for understanding the functions of these neurons. These studies suggest that the activity of dopaminergic neurons precisely codes two statistical parameters of reward information (Schultz et al., 1997; Fiorillo et al., 2003). The first para ...
... Schultz and colleagues have provided a theoretical framework for understanding the functions of these neurons. These studies suggest that the activity of dopaminergic neurons precisely codes two statistical parameters of reward information (Schultz et al., 1997; Fiorillo et al., 2003). The first para ...
A Review of Cell Assemblies by Huyck and
... Since many neurons are required to make another neuron fire, and their is a large amount background activity, a large number of neurons need to fire to make another neuron reliably fire. However, many neurons firing together can make many other neurons fire, so groups of neurons will tend to fire to ...
... Since many neurons are required to make another neuron fire, and their is a large amount background activity, a large number of neurons need to fire to make another neuron reliably fire. However, many neurons firing together can make many other neurons fire, so groups of neurons will tend to fire to ...
PDF
... mapping. The presence of orderly tonotopic representations is a key feature of the three core areas in non-human primates [8–16], where primary subfields are organised in anterior-posterior frequency gradients from high-to-low (caudal primary auditory subfield A1), low-to-high (rostral primary audit ...
... mapping. The presence of orderly tonotopic representations is a key feature of the three core areas in non-human primates [8–16], where primary subfields are organised in anterior-posterior frequency gradients from high-to-low (caudal primary auditory subfield A1), low-to-high (rostral primary audit ...
Subregions of the human superior frontal gyrus and their connections
... between two brain regions; resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) can reveal functional correlation between every two regions by evaluating the temporal coherence of the low frequency blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals. The combination of these methods will simultaneously show both th ...
... between two brain regions; resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) can reveal functional correlation between every two regions by evaluating the temporal coherence of the low frequency blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals. The combination of these methods will simultaneously show both th ...
concurrent, distributed control of saccade initiation in the frontal eye
... cerebellar nuclei and finally the cervical spinal cord (reviewed by29,30 ). The efferents of the intermediate layers of the SC are just as widespread. Ascending projections travel to numerous thalamic nuclei including the ventral anterior, ventral lateral, mediodorsal, central lateral, anterior, me ...
... cerebellar nuclei and finally the cervical spinal cord (reviewed by29,30 ). The efferents of the intermediate layers of the SC are just as widespread. Ascending projections travel to numerous thalamic nuclei including the ventral anterior, ventral lateral, mediodorsal, central lateral, anterior, me ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... identification of the major fissures, and the determination of the lobules and folia follows from this first step. The anatomic location of major fissures can be ascertained in other cerebella by reference to the anatomic features of this atlas, even if there is some variability in their location wi ...
... identification of the major fissures, and the determination of the lobules and folia follows from this first step. The anatomic location of major fissures can be ascertained in other cerebella by reference to the anatomic features of this atlas, even if there is some variability in their location wi ...
cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses
... and the amount of VGP. The covariates were the same as those used in the psychological cross-sectional analyses, except that in imaging analyses, the total intracranial volume calculated using voxel-based morphometry (for details, see Takeuchi et al.26) was added as a covariate. In the longitudinal ...
... and the amount of VGP. The covariates were the same as those used in the psychological cross-sectional analyses, except that in imaging analyses, the total intracranial volume calculated using voxel-based morphometry (for details, see Takeuchi et al.26) was added as a covariate. In the longitudinal ...
Rethinking Mammalian Brain Evolution1
... the most basic functional anatomy of the brain has at last become available for study. We are still far from possessing a complete connectional characterization for even the best studied of mammalian brains, yet already the scattered details from comparative studies have begun to provide a remarkabl ...
... the most basic functional anatomy of the brain has at last become available for study. We are still far from possessing a complete connectional characterization for even the best studied of mammalian brains, yet already the scattered details from comparative studies have begun to provide a remarkabl ...
An Integrative Theory on Prefrontal Cortex Function
... maintenance of patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, ...
... maintenance of patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, ...
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in
... relative disparity was kept constant, while absolute disparity was varied in one-half the blocks of trials (“mixed” blocks) and kept constant in the remaining one-half (“same” blocks), alternating between blocks. Because neuronal responses undergo adaptation and reduce their firing rate following re ...
... relative disparity was kept constant, while absolute disparity was varied in one-half the blocks of trials (“mixed” blocks) and kept constant in the remaining one-half (“same” blocks), alternating between blocks. Because neuronal responses undergo adaptation and reduce their firing rate following re ...
22 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor System in Humans
... also found within the hand, where thumb was found most laterally and little finger most medially (Foerster, 1936b; Foerster & Penfield, 1930; Penfield & Boldrey, 1937). Most of these pioneering authors also commented on the complexity of the observed arrangement and the early researchers also report ...
... also found within the hand, where thumb was found most laterally and little finger most medially (Foerster, 1936b; Foerster & Penfield, 1930; Penfield & Boldrey, 1937). Most of these pioneering authors also commented on the complexity of the observed arrangement and the early researchers also report ...
Medial medullary syndrome
... • The medulla oblongata is the lowest portion of the brainstem and continuous with the pons superiorly and spinal cord inferiorly. It is a vital anatomic structure as it is responsible for multiple autonomic functions necessary for life. It contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting, and vasomotor ...
... • The medulla oblongata is the lowest portion of the brainstem and continuous with the pons superiorly and spinal cord inferiorly. It is a vital anatomic structure as it is responsible for multiple autonomic functions necessary for life. It contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting, and vasomotor ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... At the conclusion of the experiments, one monkey (the other monkeys are still alive) was deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital ...
... At the conclusion of the experiments, one monkey (the other monkeys are still alive) was deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital ...
Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... Average of normalized MUA rhythms in the SCN (mean ⫾ SD, n ⫽ 6). The MUA at each time point was normalized by the total number of spikes before or after TSOI injection (2.5 days), and the MUAs were then averaged. Black/white bars, 12:12 h dark/light phase. B includes data from A (under light: dark c ...
... Average of normalized MUA rhythms in the SCN (mean ⫾ SD, n ⫽ 6). The MUA at each time point was normalized by the total number of spikes before or after TSOI injection (2.5 days), and the MUAs were then averaged. Black/white bars, 12:12 h dark/light phase. B includes data from A (under light: dark c ...
Inactivation of Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
The neurobiology of Meditation and its clinical effectiveness in
... Polich, 2006). In fact, the same physiological effects achieved with Sahaja Yoga Meditation in healthy individuals, could also be achieved in patients with asthma and hypertension after 4 weeks of Meditation training, which furthermore were related to the significant reduction of asthma attacks (Chug ...
... Polich, 2006). In fact, the same physiological effects achieved with Sahaja Yoga Meditation in healthy individuals, could also be achieved in patients with asthma and hypertension after 4 weeks of Meditation training, which furthermore were related to the significant reduction of asthma attacks (Chug ...
Volumetric Two-photon Imaging of Neurons Using
... corresponding to different neuron positions, and temporal activity must be used to resolve this ambiguity. vTwINS Calcium Imaging The basic features of vTwINS-based calcium imaging data, obtained from visual cortex (V1) in an awake transgenic mouse expressing GCaMP6f (see Methods), are illustrated in ...
... corresponding to different neuron positions, and temporal activity must be used to resolve this ambiguity. vTwINS Calcium Imaging The basic features of vTwINS-based calcium imaging data, obtained from visual cortex (V1) in an awake transgenic mouse expressing GCaMP6f (see Methods), are illustrated in ...
Connection Patterns Distinguish 3 Regions of Human Parietal Cortex
... Neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been employed in attempts to identify human parietal regions with similar functional characteristics, but aspects of comparative anatomical organization remain unclear (Corbetta and Shulman 2002; Fink and Grefkes 2005) ...
... Neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been employed in attempts to identify human parietal regions with similar functional characteristics, but aspects of comparative anatomical organization remain unclear (Corbetta and Shulman 2002; Fink and Grefkes 2005) ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.