- Journal of Adolescent Health
... Background: Youth who experience traumatic stress and develop post-traumatic symptoms secrete higher levels of the glucocorticoid cortisol than youth with no trauma history. Animal research suggests that excess corticosterone secretion can lead to neurotoxicity in areas of the brain rich in glucocor ...
... Background: Youth who experience traumatic stress and develop post-traumatic symptoms secrete higher levels of the glucocorticoid cortisol than youth with no trauma history. Animal research suggests that excess corticosterone secretion can lead to neurotoxicity in areas of the brain rich in glucocor ...
Behavioral dopamine signals
... Figure 1. Schematics of electrophysiological responses of single dopaminergic neurons to reward-related stimuli. (a) Prediction-error coding at the time of the reward: activation following an unpredicted reward (positive-prediction error; top), no response to a fully expected reward (no prediction e ...
... Figure 1. Schematics of electrophysiological responses of single dopaminergic neurons to reward-related stimuli. (a) Prediction-error coding at the time of the reward: activation following an unpredicted reward (positive-prediction error; top), no response to a fully expected reward (no prediction e ...
Aalborg Universitet Brain plasticity Wang, Li
... glutamate in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) increased in response to painful stimulus, and that the concentration of glutamate is strongly related to the subjective pain perception (Mullins et al., 2005). Hence, activation change of the mechanisms involved in cortical reorganization can reflect th ...
... glutamate in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) increased in response to painful stimulus, and that the concentration of glutamate is strongly related to the subjective pain perception (Mullins et al., 2005). Hence, activation change of the mechanisms involved in cortical reorganization can reflect th ...
Nucleus Basalis and Thalamic Control of Neocortical Activity in the
... Animals and surgery. The subjects of these experiments were 24 female Fischer 344 (2-l 5 month) and 42 female Sprague-Dawley (3-10 month) rats. Surgery was performed under deep anesthesia induced by a mixture (4 ml/kg) of ketamine (25 mg/ml), rompun (1.3 mg/ml), and acepromazine (0.25 m&ml). The rat ...
... Animals and surgery. The subjects of these experiments were 24 female Fischer 344 (2-l 5 month) and 42 female Sprague-Dawley (3-10 month) rats. Surgery was performed under deep anesthesia induced by a mixture (4 ml/kg) of ketamine (25 mg/ml), rompun (1.3 mg/ml), and acepromazine (0.25 m&ml). The rat ...
Anatomical Changes in Human Motor Cortex and Motor Pathways
... Using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM; Friston et al. 1995), the 3 T1weighted images from each subject were coregistered and averaged. The averaged image was bias corrected using the SPM5 unified segmentation (Ashburner and Friston 2005). The bias-corrected images were segmented and spatially nor ...
... Using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM; Friston et al. 1995), the 3 T1weighted images from each subject were coregistered and averaged. The averaged image was bias corrected using the SPM5 unified segmentation (Ashburner and Friston 2005). The bias-corrected images were segmented and spatially nor ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... alternative approach for studying the physiological organization of A1. This technique uses changes in light reflectance, associated with physiological activity, to visualize the location of cortical tissue activated by a given stimulus. The light reflectance signals derive from multiple sources, in ...
... alternative approach for studying the physiological organization of A1. This technique uses changes in light reflectance, associated with physiological activity, to visualize the location of cortical tissue activated by a given stimulus. The light reflectance signals derive from multiple sources, in ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... alternative approach for studying the physiological organization of A1. This technique uses changes in light reflectance, associated with physiological activity, to visualize the location of cortical tissue activated by a given stimulus. The light reflectance signals derive from multiple sources, in ...
... alternative approach for studying the physiological organization of A1. This technique uses changes in light reflectance, associated with physiological activity, to visualize the location of cortical tissue activated by a given stimulus. The light reflectance signals derive from multiple sources, in ...
Altered neural reward and loss processing and
... Notably, most of these studies used secondary punishments such as monetary losses and not primary punishments such as painful stimulation (e.g. Diener et al., 2009a,b; Kuehner et al., 2011) or aversive taste (e.g. McCabe et al., 2012). In addition, monetary loss constitutes a punishment by removal o ...
... Notably, most of these studies used secondary punishments such as monetary losses and not primary punishments such as painful stimulation (e.g. Diener et al., 2009a,b; Kuehner et al., 2011) or aversive taste (e.g. McCabe et al., 2012). In addition, monetary loss constitutes a punishment by removal o ...
XVI. COMMUNICATIONS BIOPHYSICS W. Dr. Ursula
... average amplitude may be even larger than that found before anesthetization. The average amplitude remains at this level until the anesthesia begins to wear off. If the animal recovers from anesthesia to the extent of exhibiting the eyeblink reflex, the notch ...
... average amplitude may be even larger than that found before anesthetization. The average amplitude remains at this level until the anesthesia begins to wear off. If the animal recovers from anesthesia to the extent of exhibiting the eyeblink reflex, the notch ...
Current Opinion in Neurobiology (2004)
... study [34], amygdala activation was related to presentation of visual signals for pleasant odors early in training, but this response habituated over training, whereas medial OFC activity associated with those visual cues was maintained. Another study [35] found activation of some subregions of O ...
... study [34], amygdala activation was related to presentation of visual signals for pleasant odors early in training, but this response habituated over training, whereas medial OFC activity associated with those visual cues was maintained. Another study [35] found activation of some subregions of O ...
Traditional Posters: Neuroimaging
... Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; 2Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; 3Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dalla ...
... Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; 2Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; 3Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dalla ...
Institutionen för medicinsk teknik - IMT Master's Program Biomedical Engineering
... fMRI data, namely the lack of time resolution (despite having a very good spatial response). This method also allows for mapping the brain during sleep stages. Thus the scored EEG data can be used to epoch fMRI resting state data. Resting state fMRI data, obtained when the brain is not engaged in a ...
... fMRI data, namely the lack of time resolution (despite having a very good spatial response). This method also allows for mapping the brain during sleep stages. Thus the scored EEG data can be used to epoch fMRI resting state data. Resting state fMRI data, obtained when the brain is not engaged in a ...
The dual-pathway model of auditory signal
... selectivity respond to speed and direction of stimulus motions[7]. Some striking similarities have been revealed between the human visual cortex and the monkey visual cortex by functional brain-imaging studies. Functional brain imaging techniques using positron emission tomography (PET) and function ...
... selectivity respond to speed and direction of stimulus motions[7]. Some striking similarities have been revealed between the human visual cortex and the monkey visual cortex by functional brain-imaging studies. Functional brain imaging techniques using positron emission tomography (PET) and function ...
Neural correlates of social exclusion during adolescence
... a network of neural regions associated with the distress of social exclusion, including the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), involved in the ‘unpleasant’ experience of physical pain (Foltz and White, 1962; Rainville et al., 1997; Sawamoto et al., 2000); the insula, associated with visceral p ...
... a network of neural regions associated with the distress of social exclusion, including the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), involved in the ‘unpleasant’ experience of physical pain (Foltz and White, 1962; Rainville et al., 1997; Sawamoto et al., 2000); the insula, associated with visceral p ...
Prefrontal Neurons Coding Suppression of Specific Saccades
... tients with frontal lobe damage. Despite the clinical importance of suppression, most studies of the frontal lobe (e.g., Hasegawa et al., 1998, 2000a, 2004) in monkeys have dealt with the generation of movement rather than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the supp ...
... tients with frontal lobe damage. Despite the clinical importance of suppression, most studies of the frontal lobe (e.g., Hasegawa et al., 1998, 2000a, 2004) in monkeys have dealt with the generation of movement rather than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the supp ...
article in press - Neurobiology of Vocal Communication
... amplitude modulations within a call. The latter study was carried out in squirrel monkeys which, apart from calls with a more or less constant frequency course, also have calls with extensive frequency modulations. The Larson study investigated macaque “coo” calls which lack marked frequency and amp ...
... amplitude modulations within a call. The latter study was carried out in squirrel monkeys which, apart from calls with a more or less constant frequency course, also have calls with extensive frequency modulations. The Larson study investigated macaque “coo” calls which lack marked frequency and amp ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... frequently distinguish between different liquid and food rewards56. Expectations change systematically with experience. Behavioural studies suggest that, when learning to discriminate rewarded from unrewarded stimuli, animals initially expect to receive a reward on all trials. Only with experience d ...
... frequently distinguish between different liquid and food rewards56. Expectations change systematically with experience. Behavioural studies suggest that, when learning to discriminate rewarded from unrewarded stimuli, animals initially expect to receive a reward on all trials. Only with experience d ...
Simultaneous Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Entire Cortical
... in living coronal brain slices (typically ~400 μm thick). Even though many long-range axonal inputs to cortical columns within each slice are severed, this reductionist approach has provided a wealth of insight into layer-specific physiological properties of neurons and interlaminar flow of neural i ...
... in living coronal brain slices (typically ~400 μm thick). Even though many long-range axonal inputs to cortical columns within each slice are severed, this reductionist approach has provided a wealth of insight into layer-specific physiological properties of neurons and interlaminar flow of neural i ...
The impact of iconic gestures on foreign language word learning
... 1995, 2000] and, thus, to cause better integration of relational information at the word, phrase, and sentence level [Helstrup, 1993; Knopf et al., 2005]. Thus, these three approaches differ with respect to whether the enhancing effect on verbal memory when performing a speech gesture during word le ...
... 1995, 2000] and, thus, to cause better integration of relational information at the word, phrase, and sentence level [Helstrup, 1993; Knopf et al., 2005]. Thus, these three approaches differ with respect to whether the enhancing effect on verbal memory when performing a speech gesture during word le ...
Lecture Guide - TestbankCart.com
... Learning Objective 2.9 – What parts of the cortex control the different senses and the movement of the body? 1. Figure 2.14 – The Lobes of the Brain: Occipital, Parietal, Temporal, and Frontal 2. The cortex is the outer covering of the cerebrum and consists of a tightly packed layer of neurons about ...
... Learning Objective 2.9 – What parts of the cortex control the different senses and the movement of the body? 1. Figure 2.14 – The Lobes of the Brain: Occipital, Parietal, Temporal, and Frontal 2. The cortex is the outer covering of the cerebrum and consists of a tightly packed layer of neurons about ...
Position Selectivity in Scene- and Object-Responsive
... Complex visual scenes preferentially activate several areas of the human brain, including the parahippocampal place area (PPA), the retrosplenial complex (RSC), and the transverse occipital sulcus (TOS). The sensitivity of neurons in these regions to the retinal position of stimuli is unknown, but c ...
... Complex visual scenes preferentially activate several areas of the human brain, including the parahippocampal place area (PPA), the retrosplenial complex (RSC), and the transverse occipital sulcus (TOS). The sensitivity of neurons in these regions to the retinal position of stimuli is unknown, but c ...
Not all brains are created equal: The relevance of
... Given the large number of options available in the selection of tES parameters, the effects on the individual subject’s cortical excitability and tissue may be very specific and extremely variable across a whole sample. For instance, there are sharp contrasts in outcomes observed using different cur ...
... Given the large number of options available in the selection of tES parameters, the effects on the individual subject’s cortical excitability and tissue may be very specific and extremely variable across a whole sample. For instance, there are sharp contrasts in outcomes observed using different cur ...
How do you feel -- now? The anterior insula and
... between auditory and visual stimuli that should normally be synchronous (e.g. a speaking mouth)30. The second is an fMRI study which examined “inspection time” using a briefly displayed asymmetric visual ...
... between auditory and visual stimuli that should normally be synchronous (e.g. a speaking mouth)30. The second is an fMRI study which examined “inspection time” using a briefly displayed asymmetric visual ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.