Sub-exemplar Shape Tuning in Human Face
... found no significant differences between the average activation to front views and 3/4 views in face-selective areas in the fusiform cortex. Even more surprising is the finding that this area shows only a mild effect of difference in the average fMRI signal between inverted faces and upright faces (Ka ...
... found no significant differences between the average activation to front views and 3/4 views in face-selective areas in the fusiform cortex. Even more surprising is the finding that this area shows only a mild effect of difference in the average fMRI signal between inverted faces and upright faces (Ka ...
Olfaction in Invertebrates: Manduca. In: Squire LR (ed). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, vol 7, pp 49-57. Oxford: Academic Press.
... region, forming an inhibitory loop (Figure 2 (b)). Electrophysiological recordings in locusts and imaging experiments in Drosophila indicated that odor representations do indeed differ remarkably in the AL and the MB. Unlike PNs, KCs respond to odors in a sparse way. However, it is unclear whether t ...
... region, forming an inhibitory loop (Figure 2 (b)). Electrophysiological recordings in locusts and imaging experiments in Drosophila indicated that odor representations do indeed differ remarkably in the AL and the MB. Unlike PNs, KCs respond to odors in a sparse way. However, it is unclear whether t ...
Neuronal-Derived Nitric Oxide and Somatodendritically Released
... Care and Use Committee of Georgia Regents University. Rats were housed in a room maintained at 20°C–22°C with a 12 h:12 h light-dark cycle and given ad libitum access to food and water. Coronal hypothalamic brain slices were prepared from juvenile (P21–P45) 85 female ...
... Care and Use Committee of Georgia Regents University. Rats were housed in a room maintained at 20°C–22°C with a 12 h:12 h light-dark cycle and given ad libitum access to food and water. Coronal hypothalamic brain slices were prepared from juvenile (P21–P45) 85 female ...
attention - CMU Graphics
... ● Receptive field ● Changes strength of neurons’ response without changing underlying response properties ● Enhances synchronization of neuronal activity ● Spatial attention will increase the gain of all neurons whose receptive field overlaps the current attentional focus, creating an enhanced repre ...
... ● Receptive field ● Changes strength of neurons’ response without changing underlying response properties ● Enhances synchronization of neuronal activity ● Spatial attention will increase the gain of all neurons whose receptive field overlaps the current attentional focus, creating an enhanced repre ...
Chapter 5 Learning to attend in primary visual cortex
... searched increase their activity at an early point in time during the trial whereas neurons that represented the curve to be traced enhanced their activity after a delay. Thus it is possible to monitor the precise time-course of a sequence of cognitive operations in area V1. The modulation of neuron ...
... searched increase their activity at an early point in time during the trial whereas neurons that represented the curve to be traced enhanced their activity after a delay. Thus it is possible to monitor the precise time-course of a sequence of cognitive operations in area V1. The modulation of neuron ...
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... The design of the task meant that sometimes the participants were expecting a low probability of a high reward of 30 pence and unexpectedly obtained a high reward value of 30 pence. On these trials, the TD prediction error from the EV part of the trial when the decision was being made and in the de ...
... The design of the task meant that sometimes the participants were expecting a low probability of a high reward of 30 pence and unexpectedly obtained a high reward value of 30 pence. On these trials, the TD prediction error from the EV part of the trial when the decision was being made and in the de ...
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... vagus nerve of one of the hearts. This is a bundle of neurons that serves the parasympathetic nervous system and causes a reduction in the heart’s rate of beating. A substance was released by the nerve of the first heart and was transported through the fluid to the second heart. The second heart red ...
... vagus nerve of one of the hearts. This is a bundle of neurons that serves the parasympathetic nervous system and causes a reduction in the heart’s rate of beating. A substance was released by the nerve of the first heart and was transported through the fluid to the second heart. The second heart red ...
MSc Thesis Template Document
... Figure 40 Synapse or Syndesis or Synapsis .................................................................................. 37 Figure 41 The Synaptic Gap at a Synapse .................................................................................... 38 Figure 42 Neurons: Synapses in the Neural Ne ...
... Figure 40 Synapse or Syndesis or Synapsis .................................................................................. 37 Figure 41 The Synaptic Gap at a Synapse .................................................................................... 38 Figure 42 Neurons: Synapses in the Neural Ne ...
Single-trial decoding of intended eye movement goals from lateral
... MI was compared against a null distribution obtained by shuffling target locations and calculating MI for 1,000 different shuffles. We labeled neurons as having significant target location information within an epoch if the MI was greater than 99% of the null values for that epoch. Neurons with sign ...
... MI was compared against a null distribution obtained by shuffling target locations and calculating MI for 1,000 different shuffles. We labeled neurons as having significant target location information within an epoch if the MI was greater than 99% of the null values for that epoch. Neurons with sign ...
How Is the Brain Organized?
... idea of how the nervous system functions, at least in a general way. That knowledge is the subject of this chapter. But before we turn our attention to the operation manual for the brain and the rest of the nervous system, let us examine what the brain is designed to do. Knowing the brain’s function ...
... idea of how the nervous system functions, at least in a general way. That knowledge is the subject of this chapter. But before we turn our attention to the operation manual for the brain and the rest of the nervous system, let us examine what the brain is designed to do. Knowing the brain’s function ...
Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow
... Department of Neuropsychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; 2Division of Informatics, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; 3Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Pr ...
... Department of Neuropsychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; 2Division of Informatics, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; 3Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Pr ...
Chapter 3 - University of South Alabama
... the synapse instead of norepinephrine. There is too much dopamine in the brain. Some of the excess dopamine is converted extracellulary into 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). 6-OH-DA is a neurotoxin that selectively ...
... the synapse instead of norepinephrine. There is too much dopamine in the brain. Some of the excess dopamine is converted extracellulary into 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). 6-OH-DA is a neurotoxin that selectively ...
PDF - Stanford University
... been implicated in depression and discussing their relation, when possible, to specific DSM symptoms of MDD. We focus in this paper on the structures that have received the most significant empirical attention: the amygdala, the hippocampus, the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC), the dorsol ...
... been implicated in depression and discussing their relation, when possible, to specific DSM symptoms of MDD. We focus in this paper on the structures that have received the most significant empirical attention: the amygdala, the hippocampus, the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC), the dorsol ...
Differential functional connectivity of rostral
... group differences in rACC connectivity with (i) AIC and amygdala involved in interoceptive and emotional evaluation and (ii) frontal and striatal regions involved in cognitive and motor control for unpleasant or pleasant vs neutral condition. Behaviorally, it was hypothesized that individuals report ...
... group differences in rACC connectivity with (i) AIC and amygdala involved in interoceptive and emotional evaluation and (ii) frontal and striatal regions involved in cognitive and motor control for unpleasant or pleasant vs neutral condition. Behaviorally, it was hypothesized that individuals report ...
Luczak, 2015 - University of Lethbridge
... more‑complex, continuous stimuli, at least in the auditory cortex. For example, in the rat auditory cortex, the population response to complex sounds, such as an insect vocalization, comprises multiple activity packets evoked by acoustic transients35. These packets have a similar, although not ident ...
... more‑complex, continuous stimuli, at least in the auditory cortex. For example, in the rat auditory cortex, the population response to complex sounds, such as an insect vocalization, comprises multiple activity packets evoked by acoustic transients35. These packets have a similar, although not ident ...
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... communicate directly without sending chemical messengers. Their operation has not been fully understood by researchers. Plasticity The brain can adapt or modify itself, a process known as plasticity. Plasticity helps to account for the brain’s ability to compensate for injury. It also accoun ...
... communicate directly without sending chemical messengers. Their operation has not been fully understood by researchers. Plasticity The brain can adapt or modify itself, a process known as plasticity. Plasticity helps to account for the brain’s ability to compensate for injury. It also accoun ...
Mapping the Brain
... immediate classification of neurons into large classes: sensory neurons (with distinctive sensory dendrites and cilia), motor neurons (with neuromuscular junctions) and interneurons (a term that is used in C. elegans to describe any neuron that is not evidently sensory or motor, encompassing project ...
... immediate classification of neurons into large classes: sensory neurons (with distinctive sensory dendrites and cilia), motor neurons (with neuromuscular junctions) and interneurons (a term that is used in C. elegans to describe any neuron that is not evidently sensory or motor, encompassing project ...
mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex
... stimuli were shown to be a weighted average of the responses to the individual stimuli presented alone. For example, if a single good stimulus elicited a high firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited ...
... stimuli were shown to be a weighted average of the responses to the individual stimuli presented alone. For example, if a single good stimulus elicited a high firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited ...
Methamphetamine Users in Sustained Abstinence
... The Cho signal is primarily generated by free choline, phosphocholine, and glycerophosphocholine with only minimal contributions from acetylcholine.43 The Cho signal increases in signal intensity with membrane synthesis and turnover.44,45 Because Cho is an index of cellular density in brain tumors a ...
... The Cho signal is primarily generated by free choline, phosphocholine, and glycerophosphocholine with only minimal contributions from acetylcholine.43 The Cho signal increases in signal intensity with membrane synthesis and turnover.44,45 Because Cho is an index of cellular density in brain tumors a ...
Spontaneous activity in developing sensory circuits
... These data suggest that some important property of sensory networks forms in utero, while the development of associational networks is likely part of the rapid synaptogenesis and maturation of cortical activity patterns observed postnatally. Thus a close examination of activity in primary sensory co ...
... These data suggest that some important property of sensory networks forms in utero, while the development of associational networks is likely part of the rapid synaptogenesis and maturation of cortical activity patterns observed postnatally. Thus a close examination of activity in primary sensory co ...
Rule-Selection and Action-Selection have a Shared
... individuals and as a species. It is widely thought to depend on a hierarchy of cognitive and motor processes (Norman and Shallice 1980) that are often associated with the frontal lobes. In this hierarchy, actions are subordinate to the rules that govern them, and they may therefore have a distinct n ...
... individuals and as a species. It is widely thought to depend on a hierarchy of cognitive and motor processes (Norman and Shallice 1980) that are often associated with the frontal lobes. In this hierarchy, actions are subordinate to the rules that govern them, and they may therefore have a distinct n ...
Superior Colliculus and Visual Spatial Attention
... of the target, rather than the target’s location, it can dissociate target selection from movement direction; for example, if a target appears on the left and moves rightward, the subject should select the stimulus on the left even though this requires a rightward movement. SC neurons change their a ...
... of the target, rather than the target’s location, it can dissociate target selection from movement direction; for example, if a target appears on the left and moves rightward, the subject should select the stimulus on the left even though this requires a rightward movement. SC neurons change their a ...
annual report 2004 - OV Lounasmaa Laboratory
... our new premises, finally started in November about one year behind the original schedule. The LTL will move into the new premises, recently renamed as Nanotalo, in April 2007. The new performance-based salary system, UPJ, will phase out the old age-based system in 2006. The first steps towards the ...
... our new premises, finally started in November about one year behind the original schedule. The LTL will move into the new premises, recently renamed as Nanotalo, in April 2007. The new performance-based salary system, UPJ, will phase out the old age-based system in 2006. The first steps towards the ...
Neural Coding 2016
... the chairman at the latest during the break before the session. If you prefer to use your own laptop for the presentation please test the setup during one of the breaks before. All posters should be posted on Aug 29 in the morning. The posters can stay there for the whole conference but should be re ...
... the chairman at the latest during the break before the session. If you prefer to use your own laptop for the presentation please test the setup during one of the breaks before. All posters should be posted on Aug 29 in the morning. The posters can stay there for the whole conference but should be re ...
Combining electroencephalographic activity and
... The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the central nervous system (CNS) are strictly interconnected through anatomical and functional links, and influence each other continuously [1–4]. As an example, cortical and subcortical brain areas including the amygdala, insular cortex and pregenual anterior ...
... The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the central nervous system (CNS) are strictly interconnected through anatomical and functional links, and influence each other continuously [1–4]. As an example, cortical and subcortical brain areas including the amygdala, insular cortex and pregenual anterior ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.