Between-Task Competition and Cognitive Control in Task Switching
... fMRI data analysis. Data were preprocessed and analyzed with BrainVoyager 2000 software (Maastricht, The Netherlands). Image preprocessing consisted of three-dimensional motion correction using trilinear interpolation, slice scan time correction using sinc interpolation, spatial smoothing with a 4 m ...
... fMRI data analysis. Data were preprocessed and analyzed with BrainVoyager 2000 software (Maastricht, The Netherlands). Image preprocessing consisted of three-dimensional motion correction using trilinear interpolation, slice scan time correction using sinc interpolation, spatial smoothing with a 4 m ...
Intracellular and computational evidence for a
... Although such findings offer a nice perspective to explain population recordings, they are not consistent with all of the available experimental data. In particular, in the primary visual cortex (V1), a large number of studies have demonstrated clear visual responses and selectivity of neurons to fe ...
... Although such findings offer a nice perspective to explain population recordings, they are not consistent with all of the available experimental data. In particular, in the primary visual cortex (V1), a large number of studies have demonstrated clear visual responses and selectivity of neurons to fe ...
Neural correlates of incidental and directed facial emotion
... We used the rule that the same trial type (e.g. angry face, or face >35 years of age) could not be presented more than twice in a row. Individual faces were not repeated during the task to avoid effects of repetition and familiarity. Prior to imaging studies, participants spent 20 min in a mock sca ...
... We used the rule that the same trial type (e.g. angry face, or face >35 years of age) could not be presented more than twice in a row. Individual faces were not repeated during the task to avoid effects of repetition and familiarity. Prior to imaging studies, participants spent 20 min in a mock sca ...
Fractionation of social brain circuits in autism
... Fractionation of social brain circuits decreases in long-range connectivity (Belmonte et al., 2004; see also Markram and Markram, 2010; Vattikuti and Chow, 2010). The extent to which abnormal connectivity in autism spectrum disorders is limited to domain-specific social brain areas has not been dir ...
... Fractionation of social brain circuits decreases in long-range connectivity (Belmonte et al., 2004; see also Markram and Markram, 2010; Vattikuti and Chow, 2010). The extent to which abnormal connectivity in autism spectrum disorders is limited to domain-specific social brain areas has not been dir ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System
... overlapping structures that all absorb X-rays to about the same degree • Contrast X-rays solve this problem in some cases; a radio-opaque material is introduced into the structure of interest to make it “stand out” from the others on an X-ray photograph Pinel's Biopsychology, 5th Ed. ...
... overlapping structures that all absorb X-rays to about the same degree • Contrast X-rays solve this problem in some cases; a radio-opaque material is introduced into the structure of interest to make it “stand out” from the others on an X-ray photograph Pinel's Biopsychology, 5th Ed. ...
Getting to Know You: Reputation and Trust in a Two
... institution (instructors read a script describing the task). We used event-related hyperscan-fMRI (hfMRI) to monitor homologous regions of two subjects_ brains simultaneously as they played the multiround trust game (19) (fig. S1). The motivating idea behind this approach is simple: To probe neural ...
... institution (instructors read a script describing the task). We used event-related hyperscan-fMRI (hfMRI) to monitor homologous regions of two subjects_ brains simultaneously as they played the multiround trust game (19) (fig. S1). The motivating idea behind this approach is simple: To probe neural ...
Neuropsychologia Hippocampal activation during episodic and
... find novel routes from one location to another when familiar routes were blocked. Few neuroimaging studies, however, have made a direct comparison between episodic and semantic retrieval tasks that are well matched in other respects, including the type of stimuli presented, the familiarity of the sti ...
... find novel routes from one location to another when familiar routes were blocked. Few neuroimaging studies, however, have made a direct comparison between episodic and semantic retrieval tasks that are well matched in other respects, including the type of stimuli presented, the familiarity of the sti ...
Prefrontal Cortex, Emotion, and Approach/Withdrawal Motivation
... the term ‘cognitive neuroscience’. In recent years, studies have moved beyond investigating emotion and cognition as separate phenomena toward acknowledging their complex coupling under many ordinary circumstances, developing experimental paradigms that examine their relationships, and even wonderin ...
... the term ‘cognitive neuroscience’. In recent years, studies have moved beyond investigating emotion and cognition as separate phenomena toward acknowledging their complex coupling under many ordinary circumstances, developing experimental paradigms that examine their relationships, and even wonderin ...
T2 - Center for Neural Basis of Cognition
... Extrastriate Summary Remapping occurs at early stages of the visual hierarchy. Corollary discharge has an impact far back into the system. Remapping implies widespread connectivity in which many neurons have rapid access to information well beyond the classical receptive field. Vision is an active ...
... Extrastriate Summary Remapping occurs at early stages of the visual hierarchy. Corollary discharge has an impact far back into the system. Remapping implies widespread connectivity in which many neurons have rapid access to information well beyond the classical receptive field. Vision is an active ...
Preparation for action: one of the key functions of motor cortex.
... fact that changes in activity occurred, by definition, after the response signal, but it does not indicate whether neuronal activity was related to movement initiation, the corollary discharge or the sensory input related to movement execution. 8.3.2 Neuronal representation of movement features duri ...
... fact that changes in activity occurred, by definition, after the response signal, but it does not indicate whether neuronal activity was related to movement initiation, the corollary discharge or the sensory input related to movement execution. 8.3.2 Neuronal representation of movement features duri ...
text - Systems Neuroscience Course, MEDS 371, Univ. Conn. Health
... Energy Metabolism: The hypotahalmus regulates energy metabolism by monitoring blood glucose levels and regulating feeding behavior, digestive functions, metabolic rate and body temperature. For example … A. Cellular metabolism throughout the body tissues is regulated via thyroid hormones. Neurons i ...
... Energy Metabolism: The hypotahalmus regulates energy metabolism by monitoring blood glucose levels and regulating feeding behavior, digestive functions, metabolic rate and body temperature. For example … A. Cellular metabolism throughout the body tissues is regulated via thyroid hormones. Neurons i ...
2. Organization of the Exam and Assessment Criteria
... The exam consists of the following parts: tickets are consisted of any two questions from the following curriculum, and the third question: «Area of your research, theoretical basis for the research topic and research plan». Exam marking: the following marking scheme is used: «Very good»: 8-10 point ...
... The exam consists of the following parts: tickets are consisted of any two questions from the following curriculum, and the third question: «Area of your research, theoretical basis for the research topic and research plan». Exam marking: the following marking scheme is used: «Very good»: 8-10 point ...
2. Organization of the Exam and Assessment Criteria
... The exam consists of the following parts: tickets are consisted of any two questions from the following curriculum, and the third question: «Area of your research, theoretical basis for the research topic and research plan». Exam marking: the following marking scheme is used: «Very good»: 8-10 point ...
... The exam consists of the following parts: tickets are consisted of any two questions from the following curriculum, and the third question: «Area of your research, theoretical basis for the research topic and research plan». Exam marking: the following marking scheme is used: «Very good»: 8-10 point ...
Interval time coding by neurons in the presupplementary and
... manner, and developed activity to represent the passage of time. These results specify how medial motor areas take part in initiating actions on the basis of self-generated time estimates. ...
... manner, and developed activity to represent the passage of time. These results specify how medial motor areas take part in initiating actions on the basis of self-generated time estimates. ...
Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region
... The despondent narrator of this song has concluded that his love is now unrequited. He came to this conclusion because his beloved avoided his gaze. He might have been wrong (she might not have seen him, or she might have been coy), but for better or worse his judgement was based on information deri ...
... The despondent narrator of this song has concluded that his love is now unrequited. He came to this conclusion because his beloved avoided his gaze. He might have been wrong (she might not have seen him, or she might have been coy), but for better or worse his judgement was based on information deri ...
datos de los autores
... received atomoxetine, not in those who received methylphenidate, suggesting that in vivo MRS measurement has the potential to assess ADHD-children’s response to psychopharmacological treatment. Recently, Carrey et. al (18) reported a significant decreased Gln/Glu/GABA to Cr/PCr ratio in the striatum ...
... received atomoxetine, not in those who received methylphenidate, suggesting that in vivo MRS measurement has the potential to assess ADHD-children’s response to psychopharmacological treatment. Recently, Carrey et. al (18) reported a significant decreased Gln/Glu/GABA to Cr/PCr ratio in the striatum ...
choosing the greater of two goods: neural currencies for valuation
... identified sensory representations as well as decisionrelated signals in areas of the parietal and frontal cortices. At the neural level, differentiating sensory signals from decision-related signals is relatively straightforward. First, sensory signals require the presence of the sensory stimulus, ...
... identified sensory representations as well as decisionrelated signals in areas of the parietal and frontal cortices. At the neural level, differentiating sensory signals from decision-related signals is relatively straightforward. First, sensory signals require the presence of the sensory stimulus, ...
PDF-document - homepage.ruhr-uni
... We recorded single neurons in the monkey SC that exhibited significant modulation of their discharge rate during specific phases of visually guided reaches (Figure 1). A surprisingly high proportion of the SC units that modulated during the reach tasks were significantly distinct from previously des ...
... We recorded single neurons in the monkey SC that exhibited significant modulation of their discharge rate during specific phases of visually guided reaches (Figure 1). A surprisingly high proportion of the SC units that modulated during the reach tasks were significantly distinct from previously des ...
Neuroimaging and ADHD: fMRI, PET, DTI Findings, and
... to specific brain areas increases following increased metabolic activity. From a measurement perspective, this increase in oxygenated blood flow is not linear to the amount of regional activity and therefore does not enable a measurement of quantitative changes in blood flow. Instead, the amount of ...
... to specific brain areas increases following increased metabolic activity. From a measurement perspective, this increase in oxygenated blood flow is not linear to the amount of regional activity and therefore does not enable a measurement of quantitative changes in blood flow. Instead, the amount of ...
- Warwick WRAP
... 0.689 for endotherms (including mammals, birds, insectivores, primates, dolphins and humans), and C = 0.014 and α = 0.578 for ectotherms (primarily fish, reptiles and amphibians). The parameters C and α vary across species (see Additional file 1: Table S1). A closer examination of the distributions ...
... 0.689 for endotherms (including mammals, birds, insectivores, primates, dolphins and humans), and C = 0.014 and α = 0.578 for ectotherms (primarily fish, reptiles and amphibians). The parameters C and α vary across species (see Additional file 1: Table S1). A closer examination of the distributions ...
Representation of Umami Taste in the Human Brain
... shown that the intensity of the taste of umami produced by the mixture of MSG and IMP was greater than that produced by the MSG alone (even if the rating scales are taken as implying that the threshold is at –2 on the rating scale used, paired t ⫽ 1.95, df ⫽ 9, P ⬍ 0.04; 1-tailed). We refer to this ...
... shown that the intensity of the taste of umami produced by the mixture of MSG and IMP was greater than that produced by the MSG alone (even if the rating scales are taken as implying that the threshold is at –2 on the rating scale used, paired t ⫽ 1.95, df ⫽ 9, P ⬍ 0.04; 1-tailed). We refer to this ...
Dynamical systems view
... • Reality: preparatory & movement tuning are uncorrelated on average Churchland et al. 2010a ...
... • Reality: preparatory & movement tuning are uncorrelated on average Churchland et al. 2010a ...
Neurochemical excitation of propriospinal neurons facilitates
... contact edges with petroleum jelly. Barriers were placed such that spinal neurons in the interlesion zone (T3 through T9 inclusive) could be selectively exposed to neurochemicals. As noted in RESULTS, intact spinal cords were used in some experiments, with barriers placed at C1 and T8/T9 for applica ...
... contact edges with petroleum jelly. Barriers were placed such that spinal neurons in the interlesion zone (T3 through T9 inclusive) could be selectively exposed to neurochemicals. As noted in RESULTS, intact spinal cords were used in some experiments, with barriers placed at C1 and T8/T9 for applica ...
An Introduction To Human Neuroanatomy
... many layers of the membrane wrapped around them, and thus being insulated with many layers of myelin. ...
... many layers of the membrane wrapped around them, and thus being insulated with many layers of myelin. ...
Warm pleasant feelings in the brain
... interest were entered as covariates in multiple regression models as implemented in SPM5, and the corresponding group effects were assessed by applying linear contrasts (again following smoothness estimation) to the (second-level) parameter estimates generating a t-statistics map for each group effe ...
... interest were entered as covariates in multiple regression models as implemented in SPM5, and the corresponding group effects were assessed by applying linear contrasts (again following smoothness estimation) to the (second-level) parameter estimates generating a t-statistics map for each group effe ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.