Role of neurons and glia in the CNS actions of the renin
... 131, 132). Furthermore, PRR is associated with intracellular signaling cascades that act independently of ANG II receptor signaling to facilitate the development of neurogenic hypertension (37, 164). PRRs are particularly abundant on neurons (111, 164, 188) and are also localized to microglia (169) ...
... 131, 132). Furthermore, PRR is associated with intracellular signaling cascades that act independently of ANG II receptor signaling to facilitate the development of neurogenic hypertension (37, 164). PRRs are particularly abundant on neurons (111, 164, 188) and are also localized to microglia (169) ...
Choline Signal Changes after Choline
... towards the conclusion that a subclinical deficiency in DHA is responsible for the abnormal behavior of ADHD-children. They point out that supplementation with a long-chain omega-6 fatty acid (evening primrose oil) has been unsuccessful in ameliorating ADHD because ADHD-children need more Ω-3 acids ...
... towards the conclusion that a subclinical deficiency in DHA is responsible for the abnormal behavior of ADHD-children. They point out that supplementation with a long-chain omega-6 fatty acid (evening primrose oil) has been unsuccessful in ameliorating ADHD because ADHD-children need more Ω-3 acids ...
A Brain Adaptation View of Plasticity: Is Synaptic Plasticity An Overly
... wild animals have for years confirmed that feral animal brains are larger than those of domestically reared animals (old german and other literature). Nevertheless, studying different degrees of environmental complexity can provide information about brain responses that are likely to generalize to h ...
... wild animals have for years confirmed that feral animal brains are larger than those of domestically reared animals (old german and other literature). Nevertheless, studying different degrees of environmental complexity can provide information about brain responses that are likely to generalize to h ...
REVIEWS - Institute for Applied Psychometrics
... presented. In experiments involving animals, the feedback is usually an appetitive stimulus (for example, food) or aversive stimulus (for example, footshock). In experiments that involve human participants, the feedback may take various forms, including verbal reward, gaining ‘points’ , and so on. ...
... presented. In experiments involving animals, the feedback is usually an appetitive stimulus (for example, food) or aversive stimulus (for example, footshock). In experiments that involve human participants, the feedback may take various forms, including verbal reward, gaining ‘points’ , and so on. ...
Embodied cognitive evolution and the cerebellum
... measures such as neocortex ratio underestimate the contribution of the cerebellum to brain evolution. Once differences in the scaling of connectivity in neocortex and cerebellum are accounted for, a marked and general pattern of correlated evolution of the two structures is apparent. One deviation f ...
... measures such as neocortex ratio underestimate the contribution of the cerebellum to brain evolution. Once differences in the scaling of connectivity in neocortex and cerebellum are accounted for, a marked and general pattern of correlated evolution of the two structures is apparent. One deviation f ...
Optical brain imaging in vivo: techniques and applications from
... as shielded rooms and synchrotrons兲. However, a much more important distinction is that optical imaging offers such a broad range of contrast mechanisms. While fMRI, PET, and x-ray CT are more established clinical modalities, all suffer from limited functional contrast. For example, to visualize reg ...
... as shielded rooms and synchrotrons兲. However, a much more important distinction is that optical imaging offers such a broad range of contrast mechanisms. While fMRI, PET, and x-ray CT are more established clinical modalities, all suffer from limited functional contrast. For example, to visualize reg ...
Consciousness, biology and quantum hypotheses
... allows for widespread recruitment of cortical resources to accomplish survival tasks. The neural code or codes of the brain are not completely known, but they appear to involve both spatial and time–frequency coding. Sensory and motor cortices consist of layered arrays of cells that often preserve s ...
... allows for widespread recruitment of cortical resources to accomplish survival tasks. The neural code or codes of the brain are not completely known, but they appear to involve both spatial and time–frequency coding. Sensory and motor cortices consist of layered arrays of cells that often preserve s ...
Functional Dissociation of Attentional Selection within PFC
... acquired using the BOLD technique (TR = 2500 ms, TE = 40 ms, flip angle = 90°), each consisting of 20 contiguous axial slices (matrix = 64 3 64, inplane resolution = 3.75 3 3.75 mm2, thickness = 6 mm, gap = 0.9 mm), parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line. Prior to the EPI image ...
... acquired using the BOLD technique (TR = 2500 ms, TE = 40 ms, flip angle = 90°), each consisting of 20 contiguous axial slices (matrix = 64 3 64, inplane resolution = 3.75 3 3.75 mm2, thickness = 6 mm, gap = 0.9 mm), parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line. Prior to the EPI image ...
Rapid Alterations in Diffusion-weighted Images with Anatomic
... Image analysis was performed for each rat on a single slice immediately anterior to the slice where the hippocampus can be seen curling inferiorly. This position corresponded approximately to bregma 23.60 mm and maximized the cross-sectional area of each ROI (Fig 1) (21). Cheshire image processing s ...
... Image analysis was performed for each rat on a single slice immediately anterior to the slice where the hippocampus can be seen curling inferiorly. This position corresponded approximately to bregma 23.60 mm and maximized the cross-sectional area of each ROI (Fig 1) (21). Cheshire image processing s ...
ICDVRAT2006_S09_N01_Miranda
... author and colleagues published a new paper in Computer Music Journal reporting experiments and techniques to enhance the EEG signal and train the computer to identify EEG patterns associated with different cognitive musical tasks (Miranda et al. 2003). ...
... author and colleagues published a new paper in Computer Music Journal reporting experiments and techniques to enhance the EEG signal and train the computer to identify EEG patterns associated with different cognitive musical tasks (Miranda et al. 2003). ...
Brain-implantable biomimetic electronics as the next era in neural
... then returning to neocortex. The intrinsic pathways consist of a cascade of excitatory connections organized roughly transverse to the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus. As such, the hippocampus can be conceived of as a set of interconnected, parallel circuits [4], [5]. The significance of this o ...
... then returning to neocortex. The intrinsic pathways consist of a cascade of excitatory connections organized roughly transverse to the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus. As such, the hippocampus can be conceived of as a set of interconnected, parallel circuits [4], [5]. The significance of this o ...
cerebral and gastric histamine system is altered after portocaval shunt
... in hypothalamus (Fig. 2) and in other areas f.ex. amygdala, substantia nigra and cerebral cortex. The histamine immunofluorescence was elevated not only in the fibers. An elevation, although one not as obvious, could also be seen in the cell bodies of histaminergic neurons (Fig. 3) but the contribut ...
... in hypothalamus (Fig. 2) and in other areas f.ex. amygdala, substantia nigra and cerebral cortex. The histamine immunofluorescence was elevated not only in the fibers. An elevation, although one not as obvious, could also be seen in the cell bodies of histaminergic neurons (Fig. 3) but the contribut ...
Representation in the Human Brain of Food Texture and Oral Fat
... estimation) to the (second-level) parameter estimates generating a t statistics map for each group effect of interest. The above allowed us to perform conjunction analyses (Friston et al., 1999) at the second level. When appropriate, correlation analyses of the fMRI blood oxygenation level-dependent ...
... estimation) to the (second-level) parameter estimates generating a t statistics map for each group effect of interest. The above allowed us to perform conjunction analyses (Friston et al., 1999) at the second level. When appropriate, correlation analyses of the fMRI blood oxygenation level-dependent ...
Neuronal Replacement and Reconstruction of Damaged Circuitries
... exhibit a more protracted neurogenesis, such as cerebral cortex and hippocampus, can be grafted with goodresults from a wider range of donor ages (up to days 20-22of gestation), althoughthe final size, the intrinsic architecture, and the survival rate of the grafts can be quite different in grafts t ...
... exhibit a more protracted neurogenesis, such as cerebral cortex and hippocampus, can be grafted with goodresults from a wider range of donor ages (up to days 20-22of gestation), althoughthe final size, the intrinsic architecture, and the survival rate of the grafts can be quite different in grafts t ...
Perceptual and Semantic Contributions to
... with the factor of presentation type (INIT, PSR, and SR). The mean (±SD) number of intervening trials between initial and repeated presentations of the physically identical sound was 5.2 ± 4.2 trials and between initial and repeated presentations of physically different exemplars of the same object ...
... with the factor of presentation type (INIT, PSR, and SR). The mean (±SD) number of intervening trials between initial and repeated presentations of the physically identical sound was 5.2 ± 4.2 trials and between initial and repeated presentations of physically different exemplars of the same object ...
The Nervous System
... illions of people suffer from conditions affecting the brain and nervous system, such as Lou Gehrig’s disease, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s. Some of these diseases harm the brain but leave the rest of the body alone. Others, as in Hawking’s case, weaken or deform the body but leave the parts of the ...
... illions of people suffer from conditions affecting the brain and nervous system, such as Lou Gehrig’s disease, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s. Some of these diseases harm the brain but leave the rest of the body alone. Others, as in Hawking’s case, weaken or deform the body but leave the parts of the ...
Electrical Activity of a Membrane Resting Potential
... – Electrical current applied to a dissected nerve causes the muscle connected to the nerve to twitch; concluded that electricity flows along the nerve – Electrical Stimulation • Passing an electrical current from the tip of an electrode through brain tissue, resulting in changes in the electrical ac ...
... – Electrical current applied to a dissected nerve causes the muscle connected to the nerve to twitch; concluded that electricity flows along the nerve – Electrical Stimulation • Passing an electrical current from the tip of an electrode through brain tissue, resulting in changes in the electrical ac ...
BRAIN DYNAMICS AT MULTIPLE SCALES: CAN ONE RECONCILE
... Dynamics in Brain Activity The above results are consistent with the idea that awake brain activity may be associated with high-dimensional dynamics, perhaps analogous to a stochastic system. To further investigate this aspect, we have examined data from animal experiments in which both microscopic ...
... Dynamics in Brain Activity The above results are consistent with the idea that awake brain activity may be associated with high-dimensional dynamics, perhaps analogous to a stochastic system. To further investigate this aspect, we have examined data from animal experiments in which both microscopic ...
Prediction error for free monetary reward in the human prefrontal
... red circle predicted the occurrence of R+ (trial type 1: expected reward, 100 trials) and a blue circle predicted the occurrence of R (trial type 2: expected nonreward, 100 trials). Occasionally, the red circle would be followed by nonreward (trial type 3: unexpected nonreward, 20 trials), and the b ...
... red circle predicted the occurrence of R+ (trial type 1: expected reward, 100 trials) and a blue circle predicted the occurrence of R (trial type 2: expected nonreward, 100 trials). Occasionally, the red circle would be followed by nonreward (trial type 3: unexpected nonreward, 20 trials), and the b ...
The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up
... if one considers that although gorillas and orangutans overlap or exceed humans in body size, their brains amount to only about one-third of the size of the human brain. There are, however, several problems with the notion that the explanation for the superior cognitive abilities of the human specie ...
... if one considers that although gorillas and orangutans overlap or exceed humans in body size, their brains amount to only about one-third of the size of the human brain. There are, however, several problems with the notion that the explanation for the superior cognitive abilities of the human specie ...
Supporting methods 1) Participants The study was approved by the
... the actual reward receipt and the probability thereof (whether the reward was real or hypothetical), should not have had any bearing on future decisions. Only one of the reward or effort magnitude means was drifting at any one time and each of the four magnitudes was at each mean level equally ofte ...
... the actual reward receipt and the probability thereof (whether the reward was real or hypothetical), should not have had any bearing on future decisions. Only one of the reward or effort magnitude means was drifting at any one time and each of the four magnitudes was at each mean level equally ofte ...
Cortical sensorimotor alterations classify clinical phenotype and
... Methods: We used a combination of independent component analysis and linear discriminant analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data to investigate brain organization in different SD phenotypes (abductor versus adductor type) and putative genotypes (familial versus sporadic c ...
... Methods: We used a combination of independent component analysis and linear discriminant analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data to investigate brain organization in different SD phenotypes (abductor versus adductor type) and putative genotypes (familial versus sporadic c ...
Electroencephalogram based Brain
... EEG based BCI – a brief comparison of the paradigms Comparing the different EEG based BCIs, it can be seen that each method has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, motor imagery requires user training and also the response time is slower (the imaginary movement causes changes in EEG to show u ...
... EEG based BCI – a brief comparison of the paradigms Comparing the different EEG based BCIs, it can be seen that each method has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, motor imagery requires user training and also the response time is slower (the imaginary movement causes changes in EEG to show u ...
The epistemic value of brain-machine systems for the study of the
... Interesting results with important engineering, therapeutic, and neuroscientific implications have been obtained in these three experimental conditions. A first, basic result, in line with previous studies (see for example Chapin et al., 1999), is that brain control of robotic prostheses is possible ...
... Interesting results with important engineering, therapeutic, and neuroscientific implications have been obtained in these three experimental conditions. A first, basic result, in line with previous studies (see for example Chapin et al., 1999), is that brain control of robotic prostheses is possible ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.