The Dopamine Transporter and Risk-Taking Behavior
... Many researchers have studied and supported that dopamine (DA) is a major component involved in the chemical regulation of the reward system (Blum et al., 1996; Bilder et al., 2004; Comings & Blum 2000; Dreher et al., 2008; Hahn et al., 2011 & Yacubian et al., 2007). DA is known to people as the hap ...
... Many researchers have studied and supported that dopamine (DA) is a major component involved in the chemical regulation of the reward system (Blum et al., 1996; Bilder et al., 2004; Comings & Blum 2000; Dreher et al., 2008; Hahn et al., 2011 & Yacubian et al., 2007). DA is known to people as the hap ...
fMRI sample and movement - Open Research Exeter
... This pilot randomized control trial was designed to examine whether Rumination-Focused Cognitive Behavior Therapy (RFCBT) reduces rumination and residual depressive symptoms among adolescents with a history of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) who are at risk for relapse. We also examined whether thes ...
... This pilot randomized control trial was designed to examine whether Rumination-Focused Cognitive Behavior Therapy (RFCBT) reduces rumination and residual depressive symptoms among adolescents with a history of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) who are at risk for relapse. We also examined whether thes ...
Features of Neuronal Synchrony in Mouse Visual Cortex
... provide a model system for the study of ␥-band synchrony. Multi-unit and local field potential recordings were made from the primary visual cortex of anesthetized C57BL/6J mice. Neuronal responses evoked by moving gratings, bars, and random dot patterns were analyzed with respect to neuronal synchro ...
... provide a model system for the study of ␥-band synchrony. Multi-unit and local field potential recordings were made from the primary visual cortex of anesthetized C57BL/6J mice. Neuronal responses evoked by moving gratings, bars, and random dot patterns were analyzed with respect to neuronal synchro ...
The role of brain in the regulation of glucose homeostasis
... action potential decreases when they are exposed to extracellular glucose below 1 mM for less than 10 min. GI neurons, however, showed decreased action potential, as extracellular glucose level increased from 0.1 to 2.5 mM and respond to glucose level via a chloride channel that is sensitive to intr ...
... action potential decreases when they are exposed to extracellular glucose below 1 mM for less than 10 min. GI neurons, however, showed decreased action potential, as extracellular glucose level increased from 0.1 to 2.5 mM and respond to glucose level via a chloride channel that is sensitive to intr ...
Stimulus-Dependent Synchronization of Neuronal Responses in the
... preferences for particular features of visual stimuli, but in general, the tuning is broad. Thus, even simple stimuli evoke responses in numerous neurons with differing but overlapping feature preferences, and it is commonly held that a particular feature is encoded in the pattern of graded response ...
... preferences for particular features of visual stimuli, but in general, the tuning is broad. Thus, even simple stimuli evoke responses in numerous neurons with differing but overlapping feature preferences, and it is commonly held that a particular feature is encoded in the pattern of graded response ...
Selective amplification of the S
... et al., 1999), subjects continuously performed a two-interval forcedchoice contrast-discrimination task, in which a given presentation consisted of two intervals, both displaying stimuli from the same condition but with a small near-threshold contrast difference between them. The subject indicated w ...
... et al., 1999), subjects continuously performed a two-interval forcedchoice contrast-discrimination task, in which a given presentation consisted of two intervals, both displaying stimuli from the same condition but with a small near-threshold contrast difference between them. The subject indicated w ...
“Attention for Action” and “Response Selection” in Primate Anterior
... This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan, by the Japan Science and Technology Corporation, and by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. We are grateful to Ms. M. Imanishi for technical assistance in histology. Correspondence sh ...
... This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan, by the Japan Science and Technology Corporation, and by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. We are grateful to Ms. M. Imanishi for technical assistance in histology. Correspondence sh ...
Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults
... One of the first activation studies of cognitive aging was that of Grady et al. (1994) on visual perception. During face matching, older adults showed weaker activity than younger adults showed in the occipital cortex but stronger activity in more anterior brain ...
... One of the first activation studies of cognitive aging was that of Grady et al. (1994) on visual perception. During face matching, older adults showed weaker activity than younger adults showed in the occipital cortex but stronger activity in more anterior brain ...
Viewpoint - Columbia University
... explains why even neurons that are not part of the same local network should have a common crossing time. But first, we examine the data for evidence of this one-dimensional dynamics. Figure 2. Concept of One-Dimensional Dynamics An example of firing-rate space for N = 2 neurons. Visual (V), delay ( ...
... explains why even neurons that are not part of the same local network should have a common crossing time. But first, we examine the data for evidence of this one-dimensional dynamics. Figure 2. Concept of One-Dimensional Dynamics An example of firing-rate space for N = 2 neurons. Visual (V), delay ( ...
Prefrontal and parietal cortex mediate the interference
... example, the temporal probability of the occurrence of upcoming events, known as the “hazard rate,” modulates the neural firing rate in the lateral intraparietal region in monkeys [3]. Human neuroimaging studies demonstrated that such temporal modulation of firing rate during an anticipation period ...
... example, the temporal probability of the occurrence of upcoming events, known as the “hazard rate,” modulates the neural firing rate in the lateral intraparietal region in monkeys [3]. Human neuroimaging studies demonstrated that such temporal modulation of firing rate during an anticipation period ...
Generation of Rapid Eye Movements during Paradoxical Sleep in
... Although rapid eye movements (REMs) are a prominent feature of paradoxical sleep (PS), their origin and functional significance remain poorly understood in humans. In animals, including nonhuman primates, REMs during PS are closely related to the occurrence of the so-called PGO waves, i.e., prominen ...
... Although rapid eye movements (REMs) are a prominent feature of paradoxical sleep (PS), their origin and functional significance remain poorly understood in humans. In animals, including nonhuman primates, REMs during PS are closely related to the occurrence of the so-called PGO waves, i.e., prominen ...
Color responses of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: selective
... et al., 1999), subjects continuously performed a two-interval forcedchoice contrast-discrimination task, in which a given presentation consisted of two intervals, both displaying stimuli from the same condition but with a small near-threshold contrast difference between them. The subject indicated w ...
... et al., 1999), subjects continuously performed a two-interval forcedchoice contrast-discrimination task, in which a given presentation consisted of two intervals, both displaying stimuli from the same condition but with a small near-threshold contrast difference between them. The subject indicated w ...
7. nonlinear EEG - Brain Dynamics Laboratory
... (i) Still compute classic measures, but refrain from an interpretation in terms of dimensions or deterministic chaos, and consider them as tentative indices of different brain states. (ii) Check the validity of the results with surrogate data (iii) Use novel nonlinear measures which attempt to chara ...
... (i) Still compute classic measures, but refrain from an interpretation in terms of dimensions or deterministic chaos, and consider them as tentative indices of different brain states. (ii) Check the validity of the results with surrogate data (iii) Use novel nonlinear measures which attempt to chara ...
Encoding and decoding in fMRI
... and decoding models that answers several fundamental questions about their relative utility for fMRI. Is there any difference between the sensory or cognitive representations that can be studied with encoding and decoding models? Are there any advantages to using either type of model? Are there any ...
... and decoding models that answers several fundamental questions about their relative utility for fMRI. Is there any difference between the sensory or cognitive representations that can be studied with encoding and decoding models? Are there any advantages to using either type of model? Are there any ...
Ontogeny, Compartmentation, and Turnover of Spectrin lsoforms in
... across brain regions develops during the third postnatal week. In this compartment, both spectrin forms may be metabolized in viva, at least in part, by calcium-activated proteolysis. The presence in mammalian neurons of 2 spectrin isoforms and their compattmentation into distinct domains suggests m ...
... across brain regions develops during the third postnatal week. In this compartment, both spectrin forms may be metabolized in viva, at least in part, by calcium-activated proteolysis. The presence in mammalian neurons of 2 spectrin isoforms and their compattmentation into distinct domains suggests m ...
Dissertation 20161009 Text Citations
... expressions signaling whether to approach or avoid a person (Montepare & Dobish, 2003; Zebrowitz & Montepare, 2005). To explore this hypothesis, Oosterhof and Todorov (2008) used happy-to-angry judgments on a 9-point scale by 19 participants viewing 72 computer-generated neutral expression faces tha ...
... expressions signaling whether to approach or avoid a person (Montepare & Dobish, 2003; Zebrowitz & Montepare, 2005). To explore this hypothesis, Oosterhof and Todorov (2008) used happy-to-angry judgments on a 9-point scale by 19 participants viewing 72 computer-generated neutral expression faces tha ...
Laboratory Guide - Sites@Duke
... the spinal cord later), and the rest of the subdivisions are hidden from lateral view by the hemispheres. The diencephalon and the rest of the brainstem are visible on the medial surface of a brain that has been cut in the midsagittal plane (Figure 7). Parts of all of the subdivisions are also visib ...
... the spinal cord later), and the rest of the subdivisions are hidden from lateral view by the hemispheres. The diencephalon and the rest of the brainstem are visible on the medial surface of a brain that has been cut in the midsagittal plane (Figure 7). Parts of all of the subdivisions are also visib ...
The Teen Brain on Marijuana
... With chronic THC exposure, and therefore, continual suppression of hippocampal neuron activity, the neurons start to lose connections to other neurons, making it harder to form and retrieve memories. Brain imaging studies have found that regular marijuana users actually have, on average, smaller hip ...
... With chronic THC exposure, and therefore, continual suppression of hippocampal neuron activity, the neurons start to lose connections to other neurons, making it harder to form and retrieve memories. Brain imaging studies have found that regular marijuana users actually have, on average, smaller hip ...
Neural Prostheses - Gert Cauwenberghs
... Neural Prostheses Overview • Sensory prostheses – Cochlear implant for restored hearing • The oldest, and the only widely used neural prosthesis ...
... Neural Prostheses Overview • Sensory prostheses – Cochlear implant for restored hearing • The oldest, and the only widely used neural prosthesis ...
Carlisi_preprint_revisions2
... conducted within patients to test for potential effects of scan-order and interactions between scan order and drug condition. ANCOVA of between-group effects One-way ANCOVAs with group as main factor and motion as covariate were conducted using randomization-based testing to test for case-control di ...
... conducted within patients to test for potential effects of scan-order and interactions between scan order and drug condition. ANCOVA of between-group effects One-way ANCOVAs with group as main factor and motion as covariate were conducted using randomization-based testing to test for case-control di ...
Dynamic relationships between age, beta
... to Alzheimer’s disease than other areas, a mechanism underlying the differential regional vulnerability to Alzheimer’s disease remains to be elucidated. Using fluorodeoxyglucose and Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography imaging glucose metabolism and amyloid-b deposition, we tested wheth ...
... to Alzheimer’s disease than other areas, a mechanism underlying the differential regional vulnerability to Alzheimer’s disease remains to be elucidated. Using fluorodeoxyglucose and Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography imaging glucose metabolism and amyloid-b deposition, we tested wheth ...
A visual processing task: Retina and V1
... V1. Most prominent is the existence of simple and complex cells in V1, which were discovered by Hubel and Wiesel. They were measuring cells in the visual cortex, they first used stimuli commonly used for the retina: circular spots. However, these stimuli caused only small responses in V1. But when t ...
... V1. Most prominent is the existence of simple and complex cells in V1, which were discovered by Hubel and Wiesel. They were measuring cells in the visual cortex, they first used stimuli commonly used for the retina: circular spots. However, these stimuli caused only small responses in V1. But when t ...
Neuronal Interaction Dynamics in Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... Respiration was adjusted for an end-tidal C O2 between 3.5 and 4.0%. The body temperature was kept at 37.5°C by means of a feedbackcontrolled heating pad. Contact lenses with artificial pupils (3 mm diameter) were used to cover the eyes, which were frequently rinsed with artificial eye liquid (Liqui ...
... Respiration was adjusted for an end-tidal C O2 between 3.5 and 4.0%. The body temperature was kept at 37.5°C by means of a feedbackcontrolled heating pad. Contact lenses with artificial pupils (3 mm diameter) were used to cover the eyes, which were frequently rinsed with artificial eye liquid (Liqui ...
Human Economic Choice as Costly Information Processing
... a verification task, addition and comparison are two such operations. With no constraints, reaction time is larger in such tasks and often different from the sum in both tasks, indicating that the subject adjusts reaction time as a consequence of the context of the numerical problem. Thus task diffe ...
... a verification task, addition and comparison are two such operations. With no constraints, reaction time is larger in such tasks and often different from the sum in both tasks, indicating that the subject adjusts reaction time as a consequence of the context of the numerical problem. Thus task diffe ...
Preview Sample 2
... 2.19 The CT Scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: How are a CT scan and an MRI helpful in the study of brain structure? • The computerized axial tomography (CT) scan uses X-rays to produce images of "slices" of the brain, yielding highly detailed pictures of brain structures. • Magnetic resonance ima ...
... 2.19 The CT Scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: How are a CT scan and an MRI helpful in the study of brain structure? • The computerized axial tomography (CT) scan uses X-rays to produce images of "slices" of the brain, yielding highly detailed pictures of brain structures. • Magnetic resonance ima ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.