trans - RUF International
... as internal. The loop may be initiated by external stimuli but can continue on its own for some time. When the loop has been firing for some time, the total situation may have changed so that the loop cannot be maintained. Neurons can become “tired” so that the loop amplification gradually drops bel ...
... as internal. The loop may be initiated by external stimuli but can continue on its own for some time. When the loop has been firing for some time, the total situation may have changed so that the loop cannot be maintained. Neurons can become “tired” so that the loop amplification gradually drops bel ...
Comprehensive imaging of cortical networks
... Even the simplest perceptual behaviors engage thousands of neurons across multiple regions of cortex [1,2]. In contrast, typical electrophysiological studies sample only a handful of neurons in a single brain area [3]. Moreover, the type of neuron recorded and its position within the neural circuit ...
... Even the simplest perceptual behaviors engage thousands of neurons across multiple regions of cortex [1,2]. In contrast, typical electrophysiological studies sample only a handful of neurons in a single brain area [3]. Moreover, the type of neuron recorded and its position within the neural circuit ...
How Does the Brain Develop?
... be encoded entirely and precisely in genes. For this reason, the fate of billions of brain cells is left partly open, especially when it comes to the massive undertaking of forming appropriate connections between cells. If the structure and fate of each brain cell are not specified in advance, what ...
... be encoded entirely and precisely in genes. For this reason, the fate of billions of brain cells is left partly open, especially when it comes to the massive undertaking of forming appropriate connections between cells. If the structure and fate of each brain cell are not specified in advance, what ...
The Computation and Comparison of Value in Goal
... algorithms that they use, and on the performance of the “wetware” implementing them. Second, many models in economics (e.g., subjective experienced utility), psychology (e.g., prospect theory), and computer science (e.g., Q-learning) implicitly assume that the brain can flawlessly and instantaneousl ...
... algorithms that they use, and on the performance of the “wetware” implementing them. Second, many models in economics (e.g., subjective experienced utility), psychology (e.g., prospect theory), and computer science (e.g., Q-learning) implicitly assume that the brain can flawlessly and instantaneousl ...
Encoding of Rules by Neurons in the Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal
... linearly registered to Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) 152 standard space (1 mm resolution) using the cost function of mutual information and 12 degrees of freedom. The automated linear registration tool is based around a multistart, multiresolution global optimization method (Jenkinson and S ...
... linearly registered to Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) 152 standard space (1 mm resolution) using the cost function of mutual information and 12 degrees of freedom. The automated linear registration tool is based around a multistart, multiresolution global optimization method (Jenkinson and S ...
- Philsci
... In the following discussion I will assume that mechanistic models describe the regular behaviour of system components by means of generalizations (Glennan, 2005; Woodward, 2002). The term “model” is used here to emphasize the fact that mechanism descriptions may be more or less abstract in the sense ...
... In the following discussion I will assume that mechanistic models describe the regular behaviour of system components by means of generalizations (Glennan, 2005; Woodward, 2002). The term “model” is used here to emphasize the fact that mechanism descriptions may be more or less abstract in the sense ...
Brain regions involved in heading estimation and steering control in
... The brain regions required for judging heading direction and actively steering towards a goal could be damaged by stroke. Identifying the neural correlates responsible for goal-directed locomotion is important for the understanding of the mechanism underlying neuroplasticity and functional recovery. ...
... The brain regions required for judging heading direction and actively steering towards a goal could be damaged by stroke. Identifying the neural correlates responsible for goal-directed locomotion is important for the understanding of the mechanism underlying neuroplasticity and functional recovery. ...
Functional Organization in the Motor Cortex
... attempt to bridge over the gap between electrophysiological data from monkeys and imaging data from humans. Hubel and Wiesel have showed in the 1960’s that neurons in the primary visual cortex are organized according to their orientation preference; i.e., neurons that respond most strongly to a cert ...
... attempt to bridge over the gap between electrophysiological data from monkeys and imaging data from humans. Hubel and Wiesel have showed in the 1960’s that neurons in the primary visual cortex are organized according to their orientation preference; i.e., neurons that respond most strongly to a cert ...
Neuroscience: Science of the Brain
... Packed into the limited space of the skull, the cerebral cortex is thrown into folds that weave in and out to enable a much larger surface area for the sheet of neurons than would otherwise be possible. This cortical tissue is the most highly developed area of the brain in humans - four times bigger ...
... Packed into the limited space of the skull, the cerebral cortex is thrown into folds that weave in and out to enable a much larger surface area for the sheet of neurons than would otherwise be possible. This cortical tissue is the most highly developed area of the brain in humans - four times bigger ...
Decoding Motor Commands in Cortico-Basal Ganglia Circuits for the
... utilises a linear model. The model has inputs of neuronal firing rates at a given time and time lag with weighted parameters depending on how important the neuron’s firing rate is at each lag. The neurons’ firing rate can be used to predict when the rat moves with relatively good precision. Signific ...
... utilises a linear model. The model has inputs of neuronal firing rates at a given time and time lag with weighted parameters depending on how important the neuron’s firing rate is at each lag. The neurons’ firing rate can be used to predict when the rat moves with relatively good precision. Signific ...
Widespread brain activity during an abdominal task markedly
... activation of several components of the so-called ‘pain matrix’—those cortical regions most often activated during pain, including the cingulate cortex, the insular cortex, and the frontal cortex (Fig. 1A & B). The third scan (Fig. 1C) demonstrated that activation of these areas is not required for ...
... activation of several components of the so-called ‘pain matrix’—those cortical regions most often activated during pain, including the cingulate cortex, the insular cortex, and the frontal cortex (Fig. 1A & B). The third scan (Fig. 1C) demonstrated that activation of these areas is not required for ...
Topographic maps in human frontal and parietal cortex
... correspondence with a map of responses to tactile stimulation of near-face locations, indicating a head-centered coordinate frame [22]. Visualization of periodic mapping signals on computationally flattened patches of parietal cortex often reveals regions of the topographic maps which contain ...
... correspondence with a map of responses to tactile stimulation of near-face locations, indicating a head-centered coordinate frame [22]. Visualization of periodic mapping signals on computationally flattened patches of parietal cortex often reveals regions of the topographic maps which contain ...
Arterial Blood Supply to the Auditory Cortex of the Chinchilla
... identi ed by optical imaging corresponds to the electrophysiologically de ned AI in the chinchilla (8). Single-unit recordings from the area have short onset latency responses that are characteristic of primary auditory neurons (7). As a rule of thumb we can say that the AI is situated 2 – 3 mm po ...
... identi ed by optical imaging corresponds to the electrophysiologically de ned AI in the chinchilla (8). Single-unit recordings from the area have short onset latency responses that are characteristic of primary auditory neurons (7). As a rule of thumb we can say that the AI is situated 2 – 3 mm po ...
On the importance of the transient visual response in the superior
... is dependent on factors influencing the physical distinctiveness (salience) of the stimulus such as contrast, with the transient visual response to brighter stimuli being greater in magnitude and occurring earlier in time [10,21]. The signal is not particularly selective, however, for visual feature ...
... is dependent on factors influencing the physical distinctiveness (salience) of the stimulus such as contrast, with the transient visual response to brighter stimuli being greater in magnitude and occurring earlier in time [10,21]. The signal is not particularly selective, however, for visual feature ...
A Symmetric Approach Elucidates Multisensory Information Integration
... Traditional research on the basic science of sensation asks what types of information the brain receives from the external world. To elucidate the classical view, as an example we will go through the visual system, the best known and the most relevant among sensory systems in Primates. The retinal r ...
... Traditional research on the basic science of sensation asks what types of information the brain receives from the external world. To elucidate the classical view, as an example we will go through the visual system, the best known and the most relevant among sensory systems in Primates. The retinal r ...
Neuroscience: the Science of the Brain
... Packed into the limited space of the skull, the cerebral cortex is thrown into folds that weave in and out to enable a much larger surface area for the sheet of neurons than would otherwise be possible. This cortical tissue is the most highly developed area of the brain in humans - four times bigger ...
... Packed into the limited space of the skull, the cerebral cortex is thrown into folds that weave in and out to enable a much larger surface area for the sheet of neurons than would otherwise be possible. This cortical tissue is the most highly developed area of the brain in humans - four times bigger ...
Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure
... this newfound capacity to self-regulate can be used not only for comparatively banal tasks such as maintaining posture or using one’s non-dominant hand, but also for behaviors with important health consequences such as resisting the temptation to smoke. If self-regulatory capacity can be increased t ...
... this newfound capacity to self-regulate can be used not only for comparatively banal tasks such as maintaining posture or using one’s non-dominant hand, but also for behaviors with important health consequences such as resisting the temptation to smoke. If self-regulatory capacity can be increased t ...
Attention
... tasks. Discuss how attention can alter the speed of visual processing, assuming attention to visual objects does not have a direct effect on visual transduction or motor coding. 7. Explain the concept of shifting attention. Discuss the effects on the brain of shifting attention from one task to ano ...
... tasks. Discuss how attention can alter the speed of visual processing, assuming attention to visual objects does not have a direct effect on visual transduction or motor coding. 7. Explain the concept of shifting attention. Discuss the effects on the brain of shifting attention from one task to ano ...
The elephant brain in numbers
... elephant brain, in particular, at 4.5–5 kg, is about 3–4 times larger than the human brain (Manger et al., 2009). Another possibility was the relative mass of the cerebral cortex measured as a percentage of brain mass—but although this value is indeed largest in the human brain, it is only marginall ...
... elephant brain, in particular, at 4.5–5 kg, is about 3–4 times larger than the human brain (Manger et al., 2009). Another possibility was the relative mass of the cerebral cortex measured as a percentage of brain mass—but although this value is indeed largest in the human brain, it is only marginall ...
Selective visual attention and perceptual coherence
... abstract properties such as identity and behavioral relevance – must be bound together into a unified representation [1]. This requires coordinating the activity of neurons in early regions that code for specific visual features and locations with the activity of neurons at later stages that code fo ...
... abstract properties such as identity and behavioral relevance – must be bound together into a unified representation [1]. This requires coordinating the activity of neurons in early regions that code for specific visual features and locations with the activity of neurons at later stages that code fo ...
Mirror neurons in humans: Consisting or confounding
... performing an action. Therefore such new evidence calls for a re-assessment of this literature. Herein we pose the following question: has this body of research demonstrated without reasonable doubt that exactly the same human brain area is activated in both the execution and the observation of a si ...
... performing an action. Therefore such new evidence calls for a re-assessment of this literature. Herein we pose the following question: has this body of research demonstrated without reasonable doubt that exactly the same human brain area is activated in both the execution and the observation of a si ...
How Reliably Does a Neuron in the Visual Motion Pathway of fhe Fly
... the stimulus-induced response component ('SIRC'). In a normal behavioural situation the animal's own actions and reactions have immediate consequences on its sensory input. Therefore, the SIRC is not simply the consequence of an external source but is determined, at least to a large extent, by the a ...
... the stimulus-induced response component ('SIRC'). In a normal behavioural situation the animal's own actions and reactions have immediate consequences on its sensory input. Therefore, the SIRC is not simply the consequence of an external source but is determined, at least to a large extent, by the a ...
alzheimer-like changes of protein kinase b and glycogen synthase
... The insulin resistance brain state is related to the late-onset sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, and alterations of insulin receptor (IR) and its downstream phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signalling pathway have been found in human brain. Confirmation studies have not been performed in an experimental m ...
... The insulin resistance brain state is related to the late-onset sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, and alterations of insulin receptor (IR) and its downstream phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signalling pathway have been found in human brain. Confirmation studies have not been performed in an experimental m ...
The Ventrolateral Hypothalamic Area and the Parvafox Nucleus
... locate the parvafox nucleus with the available Nisslbased maps of the LHA and to discuss what is known about its embryonic development. In the third section, the connections of the parvafox nucleus are discussed in the context of what is known concerning the connections of the LHA generally. In the ...
... locate the parvafox nucleus with the available Nisslbased maps of the LHA and to discuss what is known about its embryonic development. In the third section, the connections of the parvafox nucleus are discussed in the context of what is known concerning the connections of the LHA generally. In the ...
Bridging Cytoarchitectonics and Connectomics in Human Cerebral
... neurons—and whole-brain corticocortical connectivity. Our findings suggest that aspects of microscale cytoarchitectonics and macroscale connectomics are related. Key words: connectivity; connectomics; cytoarchitectonics; diffusion MRI; MRI; pyramidal neuron ...
... neurons—and whole-brain corticocortical connectivity. Our findings suggest that aspects of microscale cytoarchitectonics and macroscale connectomics are related. Key words: connectivity; connectomics; cytoarchitectonics; diffusion MRI; MRI; pyramidal neuron ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.