Sounds of Silence BU scientists are helping a paralyzed man utter his
... findings about nonspeech brain functions and from studies of people with brain lesions that had somehow short-circuited their ability to talk. But by the late 1990s, he started using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology. This allowed him to compare the model’s predictions to actua ...
... findings about nonspeech brain functions and from studies of people with brain lesions that had somehow short-circuited their ability to talk. But by the late 1990s, he started using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology. This allowed him to compare the model’s predictions to actua ...
Activities of the Primary and Supplementary Motor Areas Increase in
... and the other did not (i.e., isometric). All the tasks were performed with the subject’s right hand. For the sake of analysis, each trial was divided into three different phases: “premotor”, “motor”, and “postmotor” for all the tasks. In the muscle relaxation mode under movement condition (R_mv), th ...
... and the other did not (i.e., isometric). All the tasks were performed with the subject’s right hand. For the sake of analysis, each trial was divided into three different phases: “premotor”, “motor”, and “postmotor” for all the tasks. In the muscle relaxation mode under movement condition (R_mv), th ...
Glutamatergic activation of anterior cingulate cortex produces
... becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS). We use the term ‘teaching signal’ to refer to a neural signal that is necessary and sufficient to produce a conditioned response (CR). Accordingly, temporally coincident activation of the pathways transmitting the aversive teaching signal and the initially neutra ...
... becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS). We use the term ‘teaching signal’ to refer to a neural signal that is necessary and sufficient to produce a conditioned response (CR). Accordingly, temporally coincident activation of the pathways transmitting the aversive teaching signal and the initially neutra ...
Contributions and challenges for network models in cognitive
... brain activity. Despite these contributions, network models are subject to limitations in methodology and interpretation, and they face many challenges as brain connectivity data sets continue to increase in detail and complexity. A substantial body of evidence from both anatomical and physiological ...
... brain activity. Despite these contributions, network models are subject to limitations in methodology and interpretation, and they face many challenges as brain connectivity data sets continue to increase in detail and complexity. A substantial body of evidence from both anatomical and physiological ...
Brains, Bodies, and Behavior - 2012 Book Archive
... agonist16 is a drug that has chemical properties similar to a particular neurotransmitter and thus mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter. When an agonist is ingested, it binds to the receptor sites in the dendrites to excite the neuron, acting as if more of the neurotransmitter had been present ...
... agonist16 is a drug that has chemical properties similar to a particular neurotransmitter and thus mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter. When an agonist is ingested, it binds to the receptor sites in the dendrites to excite the neuron, acting as if more of the neurotransmitter had been present ...
Segmentation of SBFSEM Volume Data of Neural Tissue by
... our application. On the other hand, they make use of geometric cues which we have not yet incorporated in our approach. Boundary computation from learned edge probabilities has recently seen considerable attention. Statistical edge detection was considered in [9,10,11] who compute a rich feature set ...
... our application. On the other hand, they make use of geometric cues which we have not yet incorporated in our approach. Boundary computation from learned edge probabilities has recently seen considerable attention. Statistical edge detection was considered in [9,10,11] who compute a rich feature set ...
Brain oscillations in perception and memory
... Fig. 3. ŽA. Ten randomly selected single EEG-EP trials filtered with digital filters of 30]50 Hz. U , average of these trials. Stimulation is applied at time ‘0 ms’. ŽB. Ten single EEG-EP trials, digitally filtered Ž30]50 Hz. and selected for high enhancement, i.e. high amplitude increase after stim ...
... Fig. 3. ŽA. Ten randomly selected single EEG-EP trials filtered with digital filters of 30]50 Hz. U , average of these trials. Stimulation is applied at time ‘0 ms’. ŽB. Ten single EEG-EP trials, digitally filtered Ž30]50 Hz. and selected for high enhancement, i.e. high amplitude increase after stim ...
When Is an Adolescent an Adult? - Waisman Laboratory for Brain
... All analyses were performed on the data from the 110 subjects with usable imaging and behavioral data. We examined responses to the debriefing questions and the SCR data to assess the efficacy of our emotionalstate manipulation. A 1-Hz filter was applied to the raw SCR data. Data were smoothed for e ...
... All analyses were performed on the data from the 110 subjects with usable imaging and behavioral data. We examined responses to the debriefing questions and the SCR data to assess the efficacy of our emotionalstate manipulation. A 1-Hz filter was applied to the raw SCR data. Data were smoothed for e ...
Neural processes underlying conscious perception
... responded selectively to one of the two shapes. In the strongest masking condition, there was still a significant difference in the neuronsÕ response between preferred and not-preferred targets, although the monkeys were at chance in discriminating both targets. In comparison with an unmasked conditio ...
... responded selectively to one of the two shapes. In the strongest masking condition, there was still a significant difference in the neuronsÕ response between preferred and not-preferred targets, although the monkeys were at chance in discriminating both targets. In comparison with an unmasked conditio ...
5655.full - Journal of Neuroscience
... the fractal with the emotion in the presented video clip and were informed that they would be tested on the association. The association between fractals and emotional stimuli was tested after the learning session. Participants were presented with the fractal stimuli and tested on how quickly and ac ...
... the fractal with the emotion in the presented video clip and were informed that they would be tested on the association. The association between fractals and emotional stimuli was tested after the learning session. Participants were presented with the fractal stimuli and tested on how quickly and ac ...
Mirroring others` emotions relates to empathy and
... What about the more general hypothesis that MNS may also play a significant role in social cognition? This issue remains rather controversial in the field. Some have championed a simulation theory of ‘mind reading’ grounded on mirroring mechanisms (Gallese, 2006; Gallese and Goldman, 1998; Keysers a ...
... What about the more general hypothesis that MNS may also play a significant role in social cognition? This issue remains rather controversial in the field. Some have championed a simulation theory of ‘mind reading’ grounded on mirroring mechanisms (Gallese, 2006; Gallese and Goldman, 1998; Keysers a ...
Supplementary Information (doc 2155K)
... Given our aims, we adopted a standard a priori seed-based approach to quantifying intrinsic functional connectivity12-14, 22-24. Seed regions are described below. For each subject, we performed a voxelwise correlation between the artifact-attenuated EPI time-series, averaged across the voxels defini ...
... Given our aims, we adopted a standard a priori seed-based approach to quantifying intrinsic functional connectivity12-14, 22-24. Seed regions are described below. For each subject, we performed a voxelwise correlation between the artifact-attenuated EPI time-series, averaged across the voxels defini ...
DEVELOPMENT OF VESSELS IN THE FOETAL CORTICAL
... of the newly formed arterioles. On the other hand, the cell nuclei of the smooth muscle of the arterioles did not show any labelling with the marker. In this connection Raisrnan et al. (14) suggest that the vascular system of the graft is "a chimera of donor and recipient vessels since its arteriole ...
... of the newly formed arterioles. On the other hand, the cell nuclei of the smooth muscle of the arterioles did not show any labelling with the marker. In this connection Raisrnan et al. (14) suggest that the vascular system of the graft is "a chimera of donor and recipient vessels since its arteriole ...
High reward expectancy during methylphenidate depresses the
... Our aim was to obtain direct evidence of this relationship between tonic and phasic dopamine response in a pharmacological functional MRI (fMRI) study. Twenty healthy participants entered a double blind study and performed a gambling task (Camara et al., 2010; Gehring and Willoughby, 2010) during fM ...
... Our aim was to obtain direct evidence of this relationship between tonic and phasic dopamine response in a pharmacological functional MRI (fMRI) study. Twenty healthy participants entered a double blind study and performed a gambling task (Camara et al., 2010; Gehring and Willoughby, 2010) during fM ...
Neural Correlates of Learning in the Prefrontal Cortex of the Monkey
... In agreement with experimental data, two main types of activity contribute to the adaptive properties of the network. The first is transient activity time-locked to events of the task and its profile remains constant during successive training stages. The second is sustained activity that undergoes ...
... In agreement with experimental data, two main types of activity contribute to the adaptive properties of the network. The first is transient activity time-locked to events of the task and its profile remains constant during successive training stages. The second is sustained activity that undergoes ...
Repetition suppression - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... neural activity in the human brain using non-invasive techniques. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) constitutes one of the principal tools for recording neural activity non-invasively in humans. Compared with other non-invasive recording techniques, such as electroencephalography (EEG) or ...
... neural activity in the human brain using non-invasive techniques. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) constitutes one of the principal tools for recording neural activity non-invasively in humans. Compared with other non-invasive recording techniques, such as electroencephalography (EEG) or ...
Time Related Effects on Functional Brain Connectivity After
... subject during this randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Within-group comparisons of voxelwise functional connectivity with 10 functional networks were examined (P < 0.05, FWEcorrected) using a non-parametric multivariate approach with cerebrospinal fluid, white matter, hea ...
... subject during this randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Within-group comparisons of voxelwise functional connectivity with 10 functional networks were examined (P < 0.05, FWEcorrected) using a non-parametric multivariate approach with cerebrospinal fluid, white matter, hea ...
the brain - Medical Research Council
... patients and those without this type of inflammation. He is using ‘gene chips’ – small chips that can be used to study all of the human genes at once – to try to find out which genes are involved in the more severe form of the disease. “We hope that this work will lead to ways to identify this group ...
... patients and those without this type of inflammation. He is using ‘gene chips’ – small chips that can be used to study all of the human genes at once – to try to find out which genes are involved in the more severe form of the disease. “We hope that this work will lead to ways to identify this group ...
Basics of electromagnetic field mapping
... dipoles may cancel out, this so called inverse problem of the cannot be solved uniquely, neither for EEG nor for MEG. This means that for a given scalp field, we can find an endless number of configurations of dipoles that would produce our scalp field. This implies that the researcher has to use a ...
... dipoles may cancel out, this so called inverse problem of the cannot be solved uniquely, neither for EEG nor for MEG. This means that for a given scalp field, we can find an endless number of configurations of dipoles that would produce our scalp field. This implies that the researcher has to use a ...
Object Shape Differences Reflected by Somatosensory Cortical
... Group 1. This group engaged in two different conditions. In one they discriminated ellipsoids in the round set, and in the other they discriminated ellipsoids in the oblong set. The subjects were unaware of the ellipsoids being divided into two sets. The subjects discriminated the oblongness of elli ...
... Group 1. This group engaged in two different conditions. In one they discriminated ellipsoids in the round set, and in the other they discriminated ellipsoids in the oblong set. The subjects were unaware of the ellipsoids being divided into two sets. The subjects discriminated the oblongness of elli ...
Monitoring and switching of cortico-basal ganglia loop
... information and were found to be insensitive to stimulus size, shape, and brightness but responsive to changes in the visual scene (Schlag and Schlag-Rey, 1984). Recently, Matsumoto and others who examined single neuron responses in the primate CM–Pf complex to visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli ...
... information and were found to be insensitive to stimulus size, shape, and brightness but responsive to changes in the visual scene (Schlag and Schlag-Rey, 1984). Recently, Matsumoto and others who examined single neuron responses in the primate CM–Pf complex to visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli ...
The aging brain: The cognitive reserve hypothesis
... have examined in detail brain and life history correlates within the Primate order. Using brain size and lifespan residuals (to control for body weight), they found that there is a high correlation between the two variables in haplorhine primates, and when taken on their own, in humans and the great ...
... have examined in detail brain and life history correlates within the Primate order. Using brain size and lifespan residuals (to control for body weight), they found that there is a high correlation between the two variables in haplorhine primates, and when taken on their own, in humans and the great ...
Slide 1
... Recorded from MT neurons Quantify attentional effect by comparing the responses of individual MT neurons to identical visual display conditions when the monkey was instructed to attend to one or the other aperture Neuronal responses were measured as the number of spikes that the cell fired dur ...
... Recorded from MT neurons Quantify attentional effect by comparing the responses of individual MT neurons to identical visual display conditions when the monkey was instructed to attend to one or the other aperture Neuronal responses were measured as the number of spikes that the cell fired dur ...
Learning, Reward and Decision-Making
... stimulus or class of stimuli, they offer the advantages of being cognitively efficient, automatic, and rapidly deployed. However, because they are initiated without consideration of the organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially ...
... stimulus or class of stimuli, they offer the advantages of being cognitively efficient, automatic, and rapidly deployed. However, because they are initiated without consideration of the organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially ...
Neural network activation during a stopsignal task discriminates
... Cocaine dependence is defined by a loss of inhibitory control over drug-use behaviors, mirrored by measurable impairments in laboratory tasks of inhibitory control. The current study tested the hypothesis that deficits in multiple subprocesses of behavioral control are associated with reliable neura ...
... Cocaine dependence is defined by a loss of inhibitory control over drug-use behaviors, mirrored by measurable impairments in laboratory tasks of inhibitory control. The current study tested the hypothesis that deficits in multiple subprocesses of behavioral control are associated with reliable neura ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.