Basal Ganglia Functional Connectivity Based on
... a specific set of motor or cognitive tasks, depending on the cortical area that belongs to it. Modifications of this model and further subdivisions of specific loops have been proposed (Fig. 1B) (Lawrence and others 1998; Nakano and others 2000). Other investigators have divided the striatum into 3 fun ...
... a specific set of motor or cognitive tasks, depending on the cortical area that belongs to it. Modifications of this model and further subdivisions of specific loops have been proposed (Fig. 1B) (Lawrence and others 1998; Nakano and others 2000). Other investigators have divided the striatum into 3 fun ...
Chapter 3
... and adoptees to vary genetic similarity, gene-by-environment studHow do stress and growing ies directly measure genetic variation in parts of the genome itself up in an abusive environment and examine how such variation interacts with different kinds work together with genetic of environments to pro ...
... and adoptees to vary genetic similarity, gene-by-environment studHow do stress and growing ies directly measure genetic variation in parts of the genome itself up in an abusive environment and examine how such variation interacts with different kinds work together with genetic of environments to pro ...
pdf
... expected high regional representational similarity for comparisons of the same association, and low similarity for comparisons of different associations, yielding a conjunctiveness metric for each voxel. Specific comparisons were excluded to penalize perceptually driven effects (striped/blank cells): ...
... expected high regional representational similarity for comparisons of the same association, and low similarity for comparisons of different associations, yielding a conjunctiveness metric for each voxel. Specific comparisons were excluded to penalize perceptually driven effects (striped/blank cells): ...
ap psych 2012 unit 3a and 3b
... your system. b. Endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages. c. Excitatory neurotransmitters travel faster than inhibitory neurotransmitters. d. The parasympathetic nervous system is less effective than the sympathetic nervous system. e. The adrenal glands tend to act more quic ...
... your system. b. Endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages. c. Excitatory neurotransmitters travel faster than inhibitory neurotransmitters. d. The parasympathetic nervous system is less effective than the sympathetic nervous system. e. The adrenal glands tend to act more quic ...
Predictive, interactive multiple memory systems
... vs. ‘‘know’’ judgments; Tulving, 1985). Rather than discuss the pros and cons of such experimental methods (see instead Montaldi and Mayes, this issue; Wixted et al., 2010), we assume here that recollection has occurred when there is evidence of retrieval of at least one type of extrinsic context (e ...
... vs. ‘‘know’’ judgments; Tulving, 1985). Rather than discuss the pros and cons of such experimental methods (see instead Montaldi and Mayes, this issue; Wixted et al., 2010), we assume here that recollection has occurred when there is evidence of retrieval of at least one type of extrinsic context (e ...
Congenital blindness affects diencephalic but not mesencephalic
... reliance on vision (Pavani et al. 2000; Ehrsson 2007). In addition, the importance of the visual modality is reflected not only by the number of subcortical structures involved but also by the large proportion of the neocortical surface dedicated to the processing of visual stimuli (Felleman and Van ...
... reliance on vision (Pavani et al. 2000; Ehrsson 2007). In addition, the importance of the visual modality is reflected not only by the number of subcortical structures involved but also by the large proportion of the neocortical surface dedicated to the processing of visual stimuli (Felleman and Van ...
This file has Chapter II: Structural differentiation of the brain • Neural
... Vesalius (1543) and Fabricius (1603) was essential for Harvey’s (1628) conception and experimental verification of the circulation of the blood, just as Cajal’s (1894) work on neuronal morphology provided the framework for Sherrington’s (1906) interpretation of reflex physiology, and today’s attempt ...
... Vesalius (1543) and Fabricius (1603) was essential for Harvey’s (1628) conception and experimental verification of the circulation of the blood, just as Cajal’s (1894) work on neuronal morphology provided the framework for Sherrington’s (1906) interpretation of reflex physiology, and today’s attempt ...
CNBC onnect - cnbc.cmu.edu - Center for Neural Basis of Cognition
... however, a gap in detailed understanding of the features processed in mid-level vision. This is complicated by the fact that there is feedback from the higher- to lower-level cortices. To better understand such featural processing, and especially to account for feedback effects, Yang is exploiting t ...
... however, a gap in detailed understanding of the features processed in mid-level vision. This is complicated by the fact that there is feedback from the higher- to lower-level cortices. To better understand such featural processing, and especially to account for feedback effects, Yang is exploiting t ...
A Verbose Guide to Dissection of the Sheep`s Brain H
... and make a guess as to the locations of the two sensory cortical areas that have been identified in sheep (see Fig. 13). Visual cortex is situated posterior, and somatosensory, anterior, in accordance with the universal mammalian pattern. Somewhere between them is auditory cortex, which I think has ...
... and make a guess as to the locations of the two sensory cortical areas that have been identified in sheep (see Fig. 13). Visual cortex is situated posterior, and somatosensory, anterior, in accordance with the universal mammalian pattern. Somewhere between them is auditory cortex, which I think has ...
Brain Evolution Relevant to Language
... It proceeds along two major pathways, often referred to as the dorsal and ventral streams (Bear et al. 2007). The dorsal stream moves from the primary visual cortex in the posterior occipital lobe (in the most posterior part of the brain) up into the adjacent parietal cortex, and is involved in proc ...
... It proceeds along two major pathways, often referred to as the dorsal and ventral streams (Bear et al. 2007). The dorsal stream moves from the primary visual cortex in the posterior occipital lobe (in the most posterior part of the brain) up into the adjacent parietal cortex, and is involved in proc ...
A double-dissociation of English past
... A number of investigators turned to brain-mapping techniques in order to gather more decisive evidence. It would seem that functional neuroimaging tools with their high spatial resolution would be suitable for probing the existence of localized neural activity associated with the generation of regul ...
... A number of investigators turned to brain-mapping techniques in order to gather more decisive evidence. It would seem that functional neuroimaging tools with their high spatial resolution would be suitable for probing the existence of localized neural activity associated with the generation of regul ...
Barnes TD, Kubota Y, Hu D, Jin DZ, Graybiel AM. Activity of striatal
... observe, significant changes in the variability of firing rates within peri-event or phasic-response windows across learning. However, we found major changes in the entropy (Fig. 2e) and in the variance (Supplementary Fig. 6) of spiking activity across the entire maze runs. Changes in spike distribu ...
... observe, significant changes in the variability of firing rates within peri-event or phasic-response windows across learning. However, we found major changes in the entropy (Fig. 2e) and in the variance (Supplementary Fig. 6) of spiking activity across the entire maze runs. Changes in spike distribu ...
Aberrant Localization of Synchronous Hemodynamic
... course from this voxel to all the other fMRI time courses within the brain (typically after low-pass filtering to remove highfrequency noise) (Xiong et al 1999). Voxels from ipsilateral cortex correlate highly with the seed point, as do the contralateral motor cortical areas. One of the disadvantage ...
... course from this voxel to all the other fMRI time courses within the brain (typically after low-pass filtering to remove highfrequency noise) (Xiong et al 1999). Voxels from ipsilateral cortex correlate highly with the seed point, as do the contralateral motor cortical areas. One of the disadvantage ...
Lesson plans
... Activity 16. Neuron speed (***) ............................................................................................................... 26 9. The Central Nervous System :The Spinal Cord........................................................................................ 28 Activity 17. Ma ...
... Activity 16. Neuron speed (***) ............................................................................................................... 26 9. The Central Nervous System :The Spinal Cord........................................................................................ 28 Activity 17. Ma ...
Detection of grey matter loss in mild Alzheimer`s disease
... specificity in the detection of AD from non-demented elderly controls1 2 and can predict conversion of mild cognitive impairment to AD.3 However, the variability of the measurements because of the human tracer has so far limited direct comparisons of the results of different research groups. The dev ...
... specificity in the detection of AD from non-demented elderly controls1 2 and can predict conversion of mild cognitive impairment to AD.3 However, the variability of the measurements because of the human tracer has so far limited direct comparisons of the results of different research groups. The dev ...
17 Human Single Unit Activity for Reach and Grasp Motor Prostheses
... In principle, the population vector could then be used to control a motor prosthesis. From the perspective of motor prostheses, it is important to note that these early studies were investigating fundamental questions of motor coding and therefore reconstructed the direction of arm movements offline ...
... In principle, the population vector could then be used to control a motor prosthesis. From the perspective of motor prostheses, it is important to note that these early studies were investigating fundamental questions of motor coding and therefore reconstructed the direction of arm movements offline ...
Natural Antioxidants May Prevent Posttraumatic Epilepsy: A
... brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)［4］. The possible pathophysiological mechanisms of PTE have been studied using an animal model of PTE, originally developed by Willmore et al.［5-7］, in which epileptic seizures in the rat brain are induced by iron injection. ...
... brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)［4］. The possible pathophysiological mechanisms of PTE have been studied using an animal model of PTE, originally developed by Willmore et al.［5-7］, in which epileptic seizures in the rat brain are induced by iron injection. ...
Current advances and pressing problems in studies of stopping
... successful no-go trials, similar to those modulating on canceled trials in SEF [9!!,36] and SMA [33!]. However, whereas activity in SEF and SMA was too late to contribute to response inhibition in the stop signal task, the modulation of neurons in preSMA and STN did occur within the transition betwe ...
... successful no-go trials, similar to those modulating on canceled trials in SEF [9!!,36] and SMA [33!]. However, whereas activity in SEF and SMA was too late to contribute to response inhibition in the stop signal task, the modulation of neurons in preSMA and STN did occur within the transition betwe ...
Human medial frontal cortex mediates unconscious inhibition of
... (Jaskowski, in press; Jaskowski and Przekoracka-Krawczyk, 2005; Lleras and Enns, 2006). While this debate is also tangential to our main purpose of simply studying whether SEF and SMA are associated with automatic inhibition (however it is triggered), the debate’s resolution will have interesting im ...
... (Jaskowski, in press; Jaskowski and Przekoracka-Krawczyk, 2005; Lleras and Enns, 2006). While this debate is also tangential to our main purpose of simply studying whether SEF and SMA are associated with automatic inhibition (however it is triggered), the debate’s resolution will have interesting im ...
Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain
... The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the parts of the nervous system that are encased in bone: the brain and the spinal cord. The brain lies entirely within the skull. A side view of the rat brain reveals three parts that are common to all mammals: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain ...
... The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the parts of the nervous system that are encased in bone: the brain and the spinal cord. The brain lies entirely within the skull. A side view of the rat brain reveals three parts that are common to all mammals: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain ...
Sensory modalities are not separate modalities: plasticity and
... perceptual enhancement by prenatal sensory stimulation. When bobwhite quail chicks were prenatally exposed to an auditory, visual, tactile or vestibular stimuli, their postnatal auditory and visual responsiveness was enhanced, irrespective of the modality of prenatal stimulation [3–6]. Cross-modal p ...
... perceptual enhancement by prenatal sensory stimulation. When bobwhite quail chicks were prenatally exposed to an auditory, visual, tactile or vestibular stimuli, their postnatal auditory and visual responsiveness was enhanced, irrespective of the modality of prenatal stimulation [3–6]. Cross-modal p ...
Engagement of brain areas implicated in processing inner speech in
... reduce potentially confounding effects of poor performance on activation, only data from participants who achieved a consistent timing ratio (on finger-tapping) of 1:4 between the fast and slow rate, immediately before and after scanning, were analysed. ...
... reduce potentially confounding effects of poor performance on activation, only data from participants who achieved a consistent timing ratio (on finger-tapping) of 1:4 between the fast and slow rate, immediately before and after scanning, were analysed. ...
Multiple Representation in Primate SI
... 1.2 Hierarchical Relationship between Areas 3b and 1 Numerous studies suggest a hierarchical relationship between Area 3b and Area 1. Ablations of Area 3a and 3b leave Area 1 unresponsive, consistent with anatomy studies that show that Area 1 receives the bulk of its input from Area 3b. These findin ...
... 1.2 Hierarchical Relationship between Areas 3b and 1 Numerous studies suggest a hierarchical relationship between Area 3b and Area 1. Ablations of Area 3a and 3b leave Area 1 unresponsive, consistent with anatomy studies that show that Area 1 receives the bulk of its input from Area 3b. These findin ...
Axonal integrity predicts cortical reorganisation following cervical injury
... A GLM was constructed that consisted of the group (SCI) effect, with age and total intracranial volume (TIV) as nuisance covariates. The TIV was calculated from the sum of the GM, WM and CSF probability maps and was included to account for any confounding (non-specific) effects of overall brain size. ...
... A GLM was constructed that consisted of the group (SCI) effect, with age and total intracranial volume (TIV) as nuisance covariates. The TIV was calculated from the sum of the GM, WM and CSF probability maps and was included to account for any confounding (non-specific) effects of overall brain size. ...
Listening to Narrative Speech after Aphasic
... Eleven normal subjects (nine males, aged 37--76 years) and 24 patients (18 males, aged 32--85 years) were studied. All were right-handed and had English as their first language. Each gave informed consent to participate in the study. The local ethics committee approved the project. Permission to admi ...
... Eleven normal subjects (nine males, aged 37--76 years) and 24 patients (18 males, aged 32--85 years) were studied. All were right-handed and had English as their first language. Each gave informed consent to participate in the study. The local ethics committee approved the project. Permission to admi ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.