- Reppert Lab
... et al., 2003; Reppert et al., 2004). Electrophysiological recordings have revealed that neurons in the central brain respond to skylight cues with changes in firing frequency and that the central complex, a midline-spanning group of neuropils in the center of the brain, is the most likely candidate ...
... et al., 2003; Reppert et al., 2004). Electrophysiological recordings have revealed that neurons in the central brain respond to skylight cues with changes in firing frequency and that the central complex, a midline-spanning group of neuropils in the center of the brain, is the most likely candidate ...
avian brain nomenclature forum
... relationships (for example, many pallial subdivisions), the new names should reflect topological position, which provides cues on invariant location relative to neighbouring structures in different avian species (for example, from neostriatum or N to epistriatal pallium or E). In these cases, the na ...
... relationships (for example, many pallial subdivisions), the new names should reflect topological position, which provides cues on invariant location relative to neighbouring structures in different avian species (for example, from neostriatum or N to epistriatal pallium or E). In these cases, the na ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Neuroscientific Probe of
... currents and result in scalp burn, unless appropriate electrode materials (e.g., plastic) or shapes (e.g., slotted) are used (14). A particularly appealing aspect of combining TMS with other imaging techniques is that it becomes possible to obtain physiological, objective measures of TMS effects, ra ...
... currents and result in scalp burn, unless appropriate electrode materials (e.g., plastic) or shapes (e.g., slotted) are used (14). A particularly appealing aspect of combining TMS with other imaging techniques is that it becomes possible to obtain physiological, objective measures of TMS effects, ra ...
Discharge Rate of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons Is
... given over a period of 103 days. In monkey G, a total of 26 APO injections were given over a period of 87 days. Changes in APO impact on orofacial movements and blinking did not have a consistent or significant tendency with time (calculated for 15 sessions with blinking rate analysis and for 7 sess ...
... given over a period of 103 days. In monkey G, a total of 26 APO injections were given over a period of 87 days. Changes in APO impact on orofacial movements and blinking did not have a consistent or significant tendency with time (calculated for 15 sessions with blinking rate analysis and for 7 sess ...
Electroencephalography - Department of Computational and
... timeframe, excellent considering an action potential takes approximately 0.5-130 milliseconds to propagate across a single neuron, depending on the type of neuron.[13] Other methods of looking at brain activity, such as PET and fMRI have time resolution between seconds and minutes. EEG measures the ...
... timeframe, excellent considering an action potential takes approximately 0.5-130 milliseconds to propagate across a single neuron, depending on the type of neuron.[13] Other methods of looking at brain activity, such as PET and fMRI have time resolution between seconds and minutes. EEG measures the ...
Astrocytes - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... in adult astrocytes, these cells are not capable of regenerative electrical responses like the action potential. One consequence of the high KⳭ selectivity of astrocytes, compared to neurons, is that the membrane voltage of astrocytes is more sensitive to changes in extracellular [KⳭ] ([KⳭ]o). For e ...
... in adult astrocytes, these cells are not capable of regenerative electrical responses like the action potential. One consequence of the high KⳭ selectivity of astrocytes, compared to neurons, is that the membrane voltage of astrocytes is more sensitive to changes in extracellular [KⳭ] ([KⳭ]o). For e ...
primary visual cortex and visual awareness
... Alternative models. Other intermediate accounts illustrate the range of possible relationships between V1 activity and awareness. For example, a distributed model of awareness might predict similar effects of V1 disruption as the interactive model without assuming an essential ...
... Alternative models. Other intermediate accounts illustrate the range of possible relationships between V1 activity and awareness. For example, a distributed model of awareness might predict similar effects of V1 disruption as the interactive model without assuming an essential ...
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
... with epilepsy. Physicians diagnose 200,000 new cases of epilepsy each year. A variety of insults to the brain may result in epilepsy such as a birth defect, birth injury, bleeding in the brain, brain infection, brain tumor, head injury or stroke [2]. There are hundreds of epilepsy syndromes, many of ...
... with epilepsy. Physicians diagnose 200,000 new cases of epilepsy each year. A variety of insults to the brain may result in epilepsy such as a birth defect, birth injury, bleeding in the brain, brain infection, brain tumor, head injury or stroke [2]. There are hundreds of epilepsy syndromes, many of ...
Full version (PDF file)
... signaling pathway (Mohan et al. 1995, Reiter et al. 2000, Mauriz et al. 2013), and eNOS via modification of Ca2+-calmodulin complex (Pozo et al. 1997). Neuronal NOS is activated by calcium similarly to eNOS and analogous mechanism in melatonin-nNOS interaction in the brain may be supposed. Recently ...
... signaling pathway (Mohan et al. 1995, Reiter et al. 2000, Mauriz et al. 2013), and eNOS via modification of Ca2+-calmodulin complex (Pozo et al. 1997). Neuronal NOS is activated by calcium similarly to eNOS and analogous mechanism in melatonin-nNOS interaction in the brain may be supposed. Recently ...
Conscious Modulation in Normal Sleep
... trouble, because they do not have previous visual perception that may develop the contextualization of that incoming experience [42]. Are we aware of initiating movement? Being aware of initiating and controlling actions is a major component of conscious experience, but many aspects of action occur ...
... trouble, because they do not have previous visual perception that may develop the contextualization of that incoming experience [42]. Are we aware of initiating movement? Being aware of initiating and controlling actions is a major component of conscious experience, but many aspects of action occur ...
connect_review_20150316 - Royal Holloway, University of London
... functionally-defined brain areas in human occipitotemporal cortex, usually localized using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). These “category-sensitive” areas are typically inferred to be specialized for processing their preferred visual categories (i.e., they are domain specific or modul ...
... functionally-defined brain areas in human occipitotemporal cortex, usually localized using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). These “category-sensitive” areas are typically inferred to be specialized for processing their preferred visual categories (i.e., they are domain specific or modul ...
Attention induces synchronization-based response gain in steady
... rates and behavioral performance, the evidence to date has been mixed as to whether voluntary visual attention primarily affects neural activity based on contrast1,3–6,10,11, response5,7–9 or activity7 gain. The three hypotheses have not previously been examined at the level of the neural population ...
... rates and behavioral performance, the evidence to date has been mixed as to whether voluntary visual attention primarily affects neural activity based on contrast1,3–6,10,11, response5,7–9 or activity7 gain. The three hypotheses have not previously been examined at the level of the neural population ...
Role of Feedforward and Feedback Projections in Figure
... reflected by the fact that the majority of neurons in the primary visual cortex are sensitive to such contextual influences from surrounding regions. Surrounding stimuli outside the classical receptive field do not activate the cell but modulate the response to the stimulus that falls within it. Thi ...
... reflected by the fact that the majority of neurons in the primary visual cortex are sensitive to such contextual influences from surrounding regions. Surrounding stimuli outside the classical receptive field do not activate the cell but modulate the response to the stimulus that falls within it. Thi ...
MS Word DOC - AvianBrain.org
... is significant variation in the detailed histogenesis of derived radial domains in the mantle zone (i.e., details of cell migration, layering, connectivity, etc). The particular cell populations that originate within the homologous fields can be compared secondarily for similarity, or for more detai ...
... is significant variation in the detailed histogenesis of derived radial domains in the mantle zone (i.e., details of cell migration, layering, connectivity, etc). The particular cell populations that originate within the homologous fields can be compared secondarily for similarity, or for more detai ...
Effort and Valuation in the Brain
... we examined these variables in an explicitly orthogonal way. We did this by asking human subjects to exert one of two levels of effort to improve their chances of either winning or avoiding the loss of money. Subjects responded faster both when exerting greater effort and when exerting effort in ant ...
... we examined these variables in an explicitly orthogonal way. We did this by asking human subjects to exert one of two levels of effort to improve their chances of either winning or avoiding the loss of money. Subjects responded faster both when exerting greater effort and when exerting effort in ant ...
On the computational architecture of the neocortex
... the degree of blindness exhibited by animals in which V1 has been destroyed, so that they must rely wholly on this secondary pathway. Cats are not badly impaired by such a loss, monkeys much more so and humans lose all their sight except for a peculiar guessing skill known as 'blindsight'. 6 The out ...
... the degree of blindness exhibited by animals in which V1 has been destroyed, so that they must rely wholly on this secondary pathway. Cats are not badly impaired by such a loss, monkeys much more so and humans lose all their sight except for a peculiar guessing skill known as 'blindsight'. 6 The out ...
Imagery and Perception Share Cortical
... questions. First, do imagery and perception share representations of the ‘‘content,’’ that is, of the category of object a person was seeing? Second, do imagery and perception share representations of the ‘‘location,’’ that is, where an object is seen to be? Prior fMRI studies based on blood oxygen ...
... questions. First, do imagery and perception share representations of the ‘‘content,’’ that is, of the category of object a person was seeing? Second, do imagery and perception share representations of the ‘‘location,’’ that is, where an object is seen to be? Prior fMRI studies based on blood oxygen ...
On the computational architecture of the neocortex
... the degree of blindness exhibited by animals in which V1 has been destroyed, so that they must rely wholly on this secondary pathway. Cats are not badly impaired by such a loss, monkeys much more so and humans lose all their sight except for a peculiar guessing skill known as 'blindsight'. 6 The out ...
... the degree of blindness exhibited by animals in which V1 has been destroyed, so that they must rely wholly on this secondary pathway. Cats are not badly impaired by such a loss, monkeys much more so and humans lose all their sight except for a peculiar guessing skill known as 'blindsight'. 6 The out ...
Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early
... MJ Slattery2, RJ Davidson2,3,5,10,11, AS Fox2,3,4,5,10,11 and NH Kalin2,3,4,5,10 Some individuals are endowed with a biology that renders them more reactive to novelty and potential threat. When extreme, this anxious temperament (AT) confers elevated risk for the development of anxiety, depression a ...
... MJ Slattery2, RJ Davidson2,3,5,10,11, AS Fox2,3,4,5,10,11 and NH Kalin2,3,4,5,10 Some individuals are endowed with a biology that renders them more reactive to novelty and potential threat. When extreme, this anxious temperament (AT) confers elevated risk for the development of anxiety, depression a ...
Dipole Localization - Home
... to that presented for heart muscle. Nerve conduction is in one direction only (constant speed) from dendrites through axon to nerve endings. The sensory nerves carried to the brain are known as afferent nerves, and the ones carried away from the brain are called efferent nerves. Nerves switch on and ...
... to that presented for heart muscle. Nerve conduction is in one direction only (constant speed) from dendrites through axon to nerve endings. The sensory nerves carried to the brain are known as afferent nerves, and the ones carried away from the brain are called efferent nerves. Nerves switch on and ...
How is Epilepsy Diagnosed?
... The brain consists of more than 100 billion nerve cells. These all communicate with one another; some provoke others into sending further messages (excitation), while others tend to block them (inhibition). The proper working of the brain depends on a balance between these: too many nerve cells send ...
... The brain consists of more than 100 billion nerve cells. These all communicate with one another; some provoke others into sending further messages (excitation), while others tend to block them (inhibition). The proper working of the brain depends on a balance between these: too many nerve cells send ...
Mapping Horizontal Spread of Activity in Monkey Motor
... Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ...
... Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ...
How microglia kill neurons
... rather than causing indirect neurotoxicity via activating microglia, astrocytes or other cells. For example, TNFα was found to cause death specifically of dopaminergic neurons in embryonic rat midbrain cultures, but it was not tested whether this neurotoxicity was mediated by glia (Clarke and Branton ...
... rather than causing indirect neurotoxicity via activating microglia, astrocytes or other cells. For example, TNFα was found to cause death specifically of dopaminergic neurons in embryonic rat midbrain cultures, but it was not tested whether this neurotoxicity was mediated by glia (Clarke and Branton ...
The impact of continuity editing in narrative film on event segmentation
... neural mechanisms can be distinguished: stimulus-driven increases of processing and attention-driven regulation. Measures of brain activity obtained using fMRI are a valuable source of data for studying the operation of both mechanisms. By stimulus-driven increases, we mean additional neural activit ...
... neural mechanisms can be distinguished: stimulus-driven increases of processing and attention-driven regulation. Measures of brain activity obtained using fMRI are a valuable source of data for studying the operation of both mechanisms. By stimulus-driven increases, we mean additional neural activit ...
Deep Brain Stimulation Does Not Silence Neurons in Subthalamic
... end of the stimulus artifact were determined empirically for each recording by an investigator blinded to cell firing rate, and firing rate in the intervals between pulses within the train were determined. Because stimulus trains varied in length (4 –10 s), the central 3 s of each train were used fo ...
... end of the stimulus artifact were determined empirically for each recording by an investigator blinded to cell firing rate, and firing rate in the intervals between pulses within the train were determined. Because stimulus trains varied in length (4 –10 s), the central 3 s of each train were used fo ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.