Key enzymes in glycolysis
... It is coupled to cleavage of a high-energy metabolic intermediate (substrate). It may occur in cytosol or mitochondria Example: in glycolysis ATPs are produced ...
... It is coupled to cleavage of a high-energy metabolic intermediate (substrate). It may occur in cytosol or mitochondria Example: in glycolysis ATPs are produced ...
Cloning and Expression of Bovine Sodium/Glucose Cotransporters* J. Dairy Sci. 88:182–194
... is transported by a bidirectional and energy-independent process mediated by members of the facilitative glucose transporter family (solute carriers SLC2A, protein symbol GLUT). However, in a few cell types, glucose is transported by an active, sodium-linked transport process against an electrochemi ...
... is transported by a bidirectional and energy-independent process mediated by members of the facilitative glucose transporter family (solute carriers SLC2A, protein symbol GLUT). However, in a few cell types, glucose is transported by an active, sodium-linked transport process against an electrochemi ...
Eubacterium limosum on glucose/methanol mixtures
... utilization are regularly encountered dependent largely upon the substrate concentration. When substrate is in excess, sequential utilization of the carbon compounds tends to occur and a diauxic growth pattern is observed. The substrate that supports the highest growth rate is used preferentially an ...
... utilization are regularly encountered dependent largely upon the substrate concentration. When substrate is in excess, sequential utilization of the carbon compounds tends to occur and a diauxic growth pattern is observed. The substrate that supports the highest growth rate is used preferentially an ...
Structure, function and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase
... Glucose is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion from βpancreatic cells when extracellular levels are greater than 3 mM. Secretion of insulin in response to a high concentration of glucose results in the rapid uptake of glucose by pancreatic βcells more than by other cell types [16,17]. This is a ...
... Glucose is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion from βpancreatic cells when extracellular levels are greater than 3 mM. Secretion of insulin in response to a high concentration of glucose results in the rapid uptake of glucose by pancreatic βcells more than by other cell types [16,17]. This is a ...
Document
... Outside the mitochondrion, where the H+ concentration is high, DNP picks up a proton After diffusing inside, where the H+ concentration low, it gives up the proton. So it ferries protons from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, thus destroying the proton gradient. Electron ...
... Outside the mitochondrion, where the H+ concentration is high, DNP picks up a proton After diffusing inside, where the H+ concentration low, it gives up the proton. So it ferries protons from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, thus destroying the proton gradient. Electron ...
The f ructokinase f rom Rhizobium leguminosarum
... The Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii BAL fructokinase (frk) gene was isolated on a 2 4 kb BamHl fragment from the cosmid pLA72 by complementation analysis of the Tn5-induced frk mutant BAL79, and confirmed by hybridization analysis. The nucleotide sequence of the frk gene was found to contain an ...
... The Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii BAL fructokinase (frk) gene was isolated on a 2 4 kb BamHl fragment from the cosmid pLA72 by complementation analysis of the Tn5-induced frk mutant BAL79, and confirmed by hybridization analysis. The nucleotide sequence of the frk gene was found to contain an ...
The Influence of Ammonium Permease Activity and
... in determining pool size. Fig. 2(a) shows that permease activity is dependent on the sugar and varies throughout fermentation. When the relative changes in permease activity in glucose and maltose media were compared with the relative changes in pool size under the same conditions (Fig. 2b), these t ...
... in determining pool size. Fig. 2(a) shows that permease activity is dependent on the sugar and varies throughout fermentation. When the relative changes in permease activity in glucose and maltose media were compared with the relative changes in pool size under the same conditions (Fig. 2b), these t ...
Lecture 3
... • Each NADH produces 3 ATP when oxidized in mitochondria • Each Pyruvate produces 15 ATP when oxidized ...
... • Each NADH produces 3 ATP when oxidized in mitochondria • Each Pyruvate produces 15 ATP when oxidized ...
GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS
... effect on glycolysis. This makes a great exam question. Arsenate is a substrate for the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The enzyme, which normally uses phosphate and makes 1,3-disphosphoglycerate, is fooled by the arsenate and makes the arsenate ester instead. With the phosphate est ...
... effect on glycolysis. This makes a great exam question. Arsenate is a substrate for the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The enzyme, which normally uses phosphate and makes 1,3-disphosphoglycerate, is fooled by the arsenate and makes the arsenate ester instead. With the phosphate est ...
Slide 1
... Intracellular Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism by Interconvertible Enzymes: Low glc activate kinase and breakdown ...
... Intracellular Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism by Interconvertible Enzymes: Low glc activate kinase and breakdown ...
The Anaerobic (Class III) Ribonucleotide Reductase from Lactococcus lactis
... mutants in the L. lactis nrdD gene were still able to grow well under standard anaerobic growth conditions and then overproduced the NrdEF proteins (3). There are three classes of ribonucleotide reductases that differ in their protein structure (see recent reviews in Refs. 2 and 5– 8). All operate v ...
... mutants in the L. lactis nrdD gene were still able to grow well under standard anaerobic growth conditions and then overproduced the NrdEF proteins (3). There are three classes of ribonucleotide reductases that differ in their protein structure (see recent reviews in Refs. 2 and 5– 8). All operate v ...
... c) Regulation of glycogen levels. b) Regulation of glycolysis d) Regulation of mRNA synthesis. 1. Allosteric effects refer to the fact that a protein/enzyme has two structures. 2. One structure is “active” (R-state) the other structure is “inactive” (T-state). 3. The two states are in equilibrium wi ...
Fast evolutionary rates associated with functional loss in class I
... Results and discussion Glucose induces transcriptional changes in S. mansoni glucose transporter genes in schistosomula larvae ...
... Results and discussion Glucose induces transcriptional changes in S. mansoni glucose transporter genes in schistosomula larvae ...
risk and technical assessment report
... number of international organisations, foreign governments (Main report, S2.2) and a report by the European Commission’s Scientific Committee for Food (SCF, 2007). Overall, there were no concerns with the safety of B. circulans, when used as a source of β-galactosidase. Question 2: What is the risk ...
... number of international organisations, foreign governments (Main report, S2.2) and a report by the European Commission’s Scientific Committee for Food (SCF, 2007). Overall, there were no concerns with the safety of B. circulans, when used as a source of β-galactosidase. Question 2: What is the risk ...
Carbohydrates Metabolism OVERVIEW Carbohydrates (saccharides
... acids generate intermediates of the cycle and are called anaplerotic reactions. The citric acid cycle also participates in a number of important synthetic reactions. For example, the cycle functions in the formation of glucose from the carbon skeletons of some amino acids, and it provides building b ...
... acids generate intermediates of the cycle and are called anaplerotic reactions. The citric acid cycle also participates in a number of important synthetic reactions. For example, the cycle functions in the formation of glucose from the carbon skeletons of some amino acids, and it provides building b ...
"Central Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism". In: Microbial
... In general, glycolysis in muscle tissue, yeast, and many bacterial species appears to be identical in terms of the intermediates involved. Pyruvate is the last common intermediate. In yeast, pyruvate is cleaved to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide. The acetaldehyde is then reduced to ethanol by alcoho ...
... In general, glycolysis in muscle tissue, yeast, and many bacterial species appears to be identical in terms of the intermediates involved. Pyruvate is the last common intermediate. In yeast, pyruvate is cleaved to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide. The acetaldehyde is then reduced to ethanol by alcoho ...
Transcriptomic analysis reveals metabolic switches and
... 50 UTR is the sequence segment located between the SL and the first translated codon, whereas the 30 UTR is defined in the same way as in other eukaryotes. In contrast to bacterial operons, trypanosomatid polycistronic units do not contain genes that are functionally related. Moreover, despite their ...
... 50 UTR is the sequence segment located between the SL and the first translated codon, whereas the 30 UTR is defined in the same way as in other eukaryotes. In contrast to bacterial operons, trypanosomatid polycistronic units do not contain genes that are functionally related. Moreover, despite their ...
Engineering Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA Metabolism in Saccharomyces
... A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain carrying deletions in all three pyruvate decarboxylase genes (also called Pdc negative yeast) represents a non-ethanol producing platform strain for biochemical production. However, it cannot grow on glucose as the sole carbon source due to the lack of cytosolic ace ...
... A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain carrying deletions in all three pyruvate decarboxylase genes (also called Pdc negative yeast) represents a non-ethanol producing platform strain for biochemical production. However, it cannot grow on glucose as the sole carbon source due to the lack of cytosolic ace ...
Glycogen!Metabolism! ! Glycogen$→!Principal!storage!form!of
... Fates$of$GlucoseI6IPhosphate$$ - In!skeletal!muscle!G6P!may!enter!glycolysis!and!serve!as!an!energy!source!! - In!liver!G6P!may!be!dephosphorylated!(to!glucose)!for!release!into!the!blood!to!be! transported! o Reaction!catalysed!by!Glucose=6=phosphatase! - Glucose=6=Phosphatase!catalyses!the!followi ...
... Fates$of$GlucoseI6IPhosphate$$ - In!skeletal!muscle!G6P!may!enter!glycolysis!and!serve!as!an!energy!source!! - In!liver!G6P!may!be!dephosphorylated!(to!glucose)!for!release!into!the!blood!to!be! transported! o Reaction!catalysed!by!Glucose=6=phosphatase! - Glucose=6=Phosphatase!catalyses!the!followi ...
Dateien anzeigen - Universität Düsseldorf
... on glucose in order to improve its application potential. For this purpose, prevention of incomplete glucose oxidation to gluconate and ketogluconates and complementation of the incomplete tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were selected as promising targets and implemented by construction and character ...
... on glucose in order to improve its application potential. For this purpose, prevention of incomplete glucose oxidation to gluconate and ketogluconates and complementation of the incomplete tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were selected as promising targets and implemented by construction and character ...
The Effect of L-Carnitine Treatment on Lactic Acid Levels in Normal
... modulated in several ways. First, some enzymes synthesizing them are inhibited by high levels of fatty acyl-CoA. Second, fatty acyl-CoA is metabolized further in energy-generating pathways. Finally, toxic fatty acyl-CoA can be converted to non-toxic ...
... modulated in several ways. First, some enzymes synthesizing them are inhibited by high levels of fatty acyl-CoA. Second, fatty acyl-CoA is metabolized further in energy-generating pathways. Finally, toxic fatty acyl-CoA can be converted to non-toxic ...
Growth independent rhamnolipid production from glucose using the
... for achieving high yields of product. However, the extensive product purification from a second, hydrophobic phase is not desirable. Therefore, the industrially important carbon source glucose is preferred. It is desirable to produce rhamnolipids from glucose with a host that has low maintenance req ...
... for achieving high yields of product. However, the extensive product purification from a second, hydrophobic phase is not desirable. Therefore, the industrially important carbon source glucose is preferred. It is desirable to produce rhamnolipids from glucose with a host that has low maintenance req ...
The Glucose/Fatty Acid Cycle 1963–2003
... fatty acids (e.g. liver, adipose tissue), the other (ACC-2 or ACC-β) expressed in non-lipogenic tissues such as skeletal and cardiac muscle. ACC-2 is generally expressed along with the muscle isoform of CPT-1 [29]. There can be little doubt that the purpose of ACC-2 is to produce malonyl-CoA purely ...
... fatty acids (e.g. liver, adipose tissue), the other (ACC-2 or ACC-β) expressed in non-lipogenic tissues such as skeletal and cardiac muscle. ACC-2 is generally expressed along with the muscle isoform of CPT-1 [29]. There can be little doubt that the purpose of ACC-2 is to produce malonyl-CoA purely ...
Glucose
... one substrate level prosphorylation； • Generation: one FADH2，three NADH+H+，two CO2， one GTP； • Key enzyme：citrate synthase， isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. ...
... one substrate level prosphorylation； • Generation: one FADH2，three NADH+H+，two CO2， one GTP； • Key enzyme：citrate synthase， isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. ...
Intersubunit contacts are often facilitated by specificity
... specificity Results obtained for several protein families of different functional type agree with structural and experimental data A substantial fraction of SDPs are located on the intersubunit contacts interface, where they form distinct spatial clasps ...
... specificity Results obtained for several protein families of different functional type agree with structural and experimental data A substantial fraction of SDPs are located on the intersubunit contacts interface, where they form distinct spatial clasps ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.