Mini-Series: Modern Metabolic Concepts The Biochemistry of the
... PDK is a specific kinase that phosphorylates E1 of PDC and is present in human, rodent, plant, nematode, and fruit fly. PDK has several isoforms, four in mammalian PDC (PDK1, PDK2, PDK3, and PDK4), two in plants, and one in nematode and fruit fly (Table I) (see Ref. 26). PDK, a serine-specific kinas ...
... PDK is a specific kinase that phosphorylates E1 of PDC and is present in human, rodent, plant, nematode, and fruit fly. PDK has several isoforms, four in mammalian PDC (PDK1, PDK2, PDK3, and PDK4), two in plants, and one in nematode and fruit fly (Table I) (see Ref. 26). PDK, a serine-specific kinas ...
REPRODUCTION
... provide substrates such as pyruvate for energy production. Glucose is also the substrate for many cellular functions during oocyte maturation, including regulation of nuclear maturation and redox state via the PPP and for the synthesis of substrates of extracellular matrices (cumulus expansion) and ...
... provide substrates such as pyruvate for energy production. Glucose is also the substrate for many cellular functions during oocyte maturation, including regulation of nuclear maturation and redox state via the PPP and for the synthesis of substrates of extracellular matrices (cumulus expansion) and ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... Both synthesis & breakdown of glycogen are spontaneous. If both pathways were active simultaneously in a cell, there would be a "futile cycle" with cleavage of one ~P bond per cycle (in forming UDP-glucose). To prevent such a futile cycle, Glycogen Synthase and Glycogen Phosphorylase are reciprocall ...
... Both synthesis & breakdown of glycogen are spontaneous. If both pathways were active simultaneously in a cell, there would be a "futile cycle" with cleavage of one ~P bond per cycle (in forming UDP-glucose). To prevent such a futile cycle, Glycogen Synthase and Glycogen Phosphorylase are reciprocall ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... Both synthesis & breakdown of glycogen are spontaneous. If both pathways were active simultaneously in a cell, there would be a "futile cycle" with cleavage of one ~P bond per cycle (in forming UDP-glucose). To prevent such a futile cycle, Glycogen Synthase and Glycogen Phosphorylase are reciprocall ...
... Both synthesis & breakdown of glycogen are spontaneous. If both pathways were active simultaneously in a cell, there would be a "futile cycle" with cleavage of one ~P bond per cycle (in forming UDP-glucose). To prevent such a futile cycle, Glycogen Synthase and Glycogen Phosphorylase are reciprocall ...
Redox balances in the metabolism of sugars by yeasts
... As discussed below, the occurrence of alcoholic fermentation in facultatively fermentative yeasts is by no means restricted to anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, it is also not coupled to the ability to grow under these conditions: many yeasts can rapidly ferment certain sugars to ethanol but are un ...
... As discussed below, the occurrence of alcoholic fermentation in facultatively fermentative yeasts is by no means restricted to anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, it is also not coupled to the ability to grow under these conditions: many yeasts can rapidly ferment certain sugars to ethanol but are un ...
Redox balances in the metabolism of sugars by yeasts
... As discussed below, the occurrence of alcoholic fermentation in facultatively fermentative yeasts is by no means restricted to anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, it is also not coupled to the ability to grow under these conditions: many yeasts can rapidly ferment certain sugars to ethanol but are un ...
... As discussed below, the occurrence of alcoholic fermentation in facultatively fermentative yeasts is by no means restricted to anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, it is also not coupled to the ability to grow under these conditions: many yeasts can rapidly ferment certain sugars to ethanol but are un ...
Abnormal Renal and Hepatic Glucose Metabolism in Type 2
... glucose in postabsorptive humans (3), and since increased hepatic glucose release had been found in diabetic animals (4, 5). However, increased renal glucose release has also been demonstrated in diabetic animals (6–9). Moreover, recent studies (10, 11) indicate that the human kidney may normally ac ...
... glucose in postabsorptive humans (3), and since increased hepatic glucose release had been found in diabetic animals (4, 5). However, increased renal glucose release has also been demonstrated in diabetic animals (6–9). Moreover, recent studies (10, 11) indicate that the human kidney may normally ac ...
NIH Public Access
... thermoacetica strain ATCC 39073, containing 1307 predicted proteins (49.98% of the total). Two thousand three hundred eighty-four (91.17%) of the ORFs in the M. thermoacetica genome can be grouped in ortholog clusters. Fifty-eight pseudogenes were identified in the M. thermoacetica genome by the IMG ...
... thermoacetica strain ATCC 39073, containing 1307 predicted proteins (49.98% of the total). Two thousand three hundred eighty-four (91.17%) of the ORFs in the M. thermoacetica genome can be grouped in ortholog clusters. Fifty-eight pseudogenes were identified in the M. thermoacetica genome by the IMG ...
ARF-Aux/IAA interactions through domain III/IV are not strictly
... suggest that auxin levels might influence the targeting of ARFs to at least some AuxREs in promoters of auxin response genes. This might occur through direct effects on ARF binding to DNA target sites or through interactions with other transcription factors or chromatin-associated proteins. Potentia ...
... suggest that auxin levels might influence the targeting of ARFs to at least some AuxREs in promoters of auxin response genes. This might occur through direct effects on ARF binding to DNA target sites or through interactions with other transcription factors or chromatin-associated proteins. Potentia ...
Developmental Regulation of Genes Encoding Universal Stress
... cycle stages of the helminth. Six of these genes were up-regulated in the miracidium, a free-swimming stage that is critical for transmission to the snail intermediate host. It is possible that during the intra-snail stages, S. mansoni gene transcripts for universal stress proteins are low abundant ...
... cycle stages of the helminth. Six of these genes were up-regulated in the miracidium, a free-swimming stage that is critical for transmission to the snail intermediate host. It is possible that during the intra-snail stages, S. mansoni gene transcripts for universal stress proteins are low abundant ...
as PDF
... range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) to disaccharides (lactose, sucrose) and complex polysaccharides, starch and glycogen. Most carbohydrates are digested by salivary and pancreatic amylases, and are further broken down into monosaccharides by enzymes in the brush bord ...
... range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) to disaccharides (lactose, sucrose) and complex polysaccharides, starch and glycogen. Most carbohydrates are digested by salivary and pancreatic amylases, and are further broken down into monosaccharides by enzymes in the brush bord ...
Pentose phosphates in nucleoside interconversion and catabolism
... UPase. It has long been assumed that UPase, in analogy to PNP, acts catabolically, even though in 1985 Schwartz et al. [21] gave convincing evidence for its anabolic role in 5-fluouracil (5-FU) activation to cytotoxic compounds. More recent in vitro experiments have established that indeed UPase may ...
... UPase. It has long been assumed that UPase, in analogy to PNP, acts catabolically, even though in 1985 Schwartz et al. [21] gave convincing evidence for its anabolic role in 5-fluouracil (5-FU) activation to cytotoxic compounds. More recent in vitro experiments have established that indeed UPase may ...
4. Power: Pathways that make ATP
... 4. Power: Pathways that make ATP 4.1 The human body has a duel power system In hybrid cars, such as a PriusTM, power is supplied by two systems. For long-term travel, gasoline is used to move the pistons, which then causes the wheels to move. This process uses O2 and an equation of the reaction of g ...
... 4. Power: Pathways that make ATP 4.1 The human body has a duel power system In hybrid cars, such as a PriusTM, power is supplied by two systems. For long-term travel, gasoline is used to move the pistons, which then causes the wheels to move. This process uses O2 and an equation of the reaction of g ...
PDF
... Insulin is; a polypeptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains (A chain: 21 amino acids; B chain 30 amino acids). The chains are connected to each other by disulfide linkage; those chains contain 51 amino acids with a molecular weight of 6,000. It is secreted by the β cells of the pancreas whe ...
... Insulin is; a polypeptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains (A chain: 21 amino acids; B chain 30 amino acids). The chains are connected to each other by disulfide linkage; those chains contain 51 amino acids with a molecular weight of 6,000. It is secreted by the β cells of the pancreas whe ...
Lecture 2: Glycogen metabolism (Chapter 15)
... Control of glycogen metabolism is very complex. It involves: • allosteric regulation of both GS & GP • substrate cycles • enzyme-catalyzed covalent modification of both GS &GP • covalent modifications are under hormonal control in the body, through their own enzymatic cascades In LIVER: Glycogen me ...
... Control of glycogen metabolism is very complex. It involves: • allosteric regulation of both GS & GP • substrate cycles • enzyme-catalyzed covalent modification of both GS &GP • covalent modifications are under hormonal control in the body, through their own enzymatic cascades In LIVER: Glycogen me ...
L02_2002
... Control of glycogen metabolism is very complex. It involves: • allosteric regulation of both GS & GP • substrate cycles • enzyme-catalyzed covalent modification of both GS &GP • covalent modifications are under hormonal control in the body, through their own enzymatic cascades In LIVER: Glycogen me ...
... Control of glycogen metabolism is very complex. It involves: • allosteric regulation of both GS & GP • substrate cycles • enzyme-catalyzed covalent modification of both GS &GP • covalent modifications are under hormonal control in the body, through their own enzymatic cascades In LIVER: Glycogen me ...
Functional Interactions Between the Subunits of the Lactose
... (123)). For most of these transporters, it remains to be determined whether functional interactions between subunits take place. Furthermore, in those cases where cooperativity between subunits has been shown, the role of the oligomeric structure in the mechanism of transport is still far from clear ...
... (123)). For most of these transporters, it remains to be determined whether functional interactions between subunits take place. Furthermore, in those cases where cooperativity between subunits has been shown, the role of the oligomeric structure in the mechanism of transport is still far from clear ...
Liver glucose metabolism in humans
... Fructose taken up by hepatocytes may be converted into either fructose 6-phosphate by hexokinase isoenzymes or fructose 1phosphate by fructokinase [16]. The two initial products of hepatic fructose metabolism have opposite effects on the glucokinase regulatory protein. Glucokinase activators have be ...
... Fructose taken up by hepatocytes may be converted into either fructose 6-phosphate by hexokinase isoenzymes or fructose 1phosphate by fructokinase [16]. The two initial products of hepatic fructose metabolism have opposite effects on the glucokinase regulatory protein. Glucokinase activators have be ...
The Role of Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein in
... the liver. ChREBP target genes are involved in glycolysis (Glut2, liver pyruvate kinase), fructolysis (Glut5, ketohexokinase), and lipogenesis (acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase). ChREBP gene deletion protects against high sucrose diet-induced and leptin-deficient obesity, because Chrebp−/ ...
... the liver. ChREBP target genes are involved in glycolysis (Glut2, liver pyruvate kinase), fructolysis (Glut5, ketohexokinase), and lipogenesis (acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase). ChREBP gene deletion protects against high sucrose diet-induced and leptin-deficient obesity, because Chrebp−/ ...
Karbohidrat Metabolizması
... The Cori Cycle operates during exercise, when aerobic metabolism in muscle cannot keep up with energy needs. For a brief burst of ATP utilization, muscle cells utilize ~P stored as phosphocreatine. For more extended exercise, ATP is mainly provided by Glycolysis. ...
... The Cori Cycle operates during exercise, when aerobic metabolism in muscle cannot keep up with energy needs. For a brief burst of ATP utilization, muscle cells utilize ~P stored as phosphocreatine. For more extended exercise, ATP is mainly provided by Glycolysis. ...
Liver glucose metabolism in humans
... metabolism in humans is thought to occur predominantly in the liver. Fructose taken up by hepatocytes may be converted either into fructose 6-phosphate by hexokinase isoenzymes or into fructose 1-phosphate by fructokinase. [16] The two initial products of hepatic fructose metabolism have opposite ef ...
... metabolism in humans is thought to occur predominantly in the liver. Fructose taken up by hepatocytes may be converted either into fructose 6-phosphate by hexokinase isoenzymes or into fructose 1-phosphate by fructokinase. [16] The two initial products of hepatic fructose metabolism have opposite ef ...
Production of lactic acid using a new homofermentative
... .icispricing.com), lactic acid has the potential to become a very large volume, commodity-chemical intermediate (Bozell and Petersen, 2010). Lactic acid can be produced chemically using petrochemical feedstocks such as lactonitrile (Narayanan et al., 2004). However, the chemical synthesis produces a ...
... .icispricing.com), lactic acid has the potential to become a very large volume, commodity-chemical intermediate (Bozell and Petersen, 2010). Lactic acid can be produced chemically using petrochemical feedstocks such as lactonitrile (Narayanan et al., 2004). However, the chemical synthesis produces a ...
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Sara R. Fassio for the degree of
... transcription factors AphA and AphB, which positively regulate transcription of the twocomponent regulatory system tcpPH. The membrane-bound protein complex TcpPH works with the membrane-bound protein complex ToxRS to activate transcription of toxT, which encodes an AraC-type transcriptional factor ...
... transcription factors AphA and AphB, which positively regulate transcription of the twocomponent regulatory system tcpPH. The membrane-bound protein complex TcpPH works with the membrane-bound protein complex ToxRS to activate transcription of toxT, which encodes an AraC-type transcriptional factor ...
Hormonal Control of Glucose Metabolism
... phosphorylase kinase. Inactive phosphorylase (phosphorylase b) is dephosphorylated by a specific protein phosphatase-1. Phosphorylase kinase also exists in both an active and an inactive form. Active phosphorylase kinase (phosphorylase kinase a) is phosphorylated on a serine residue by the cyclic ad ...
... phosphorylase kinase. Inactive phosphorylase (phosphorylase b) is dephosphorylated by a specific protein phosphatase-1. Phosphorylase kinase also exists in both an active and an inactive form. Active phosphorylase kinase (phosphorylase kinase a) is phosphorylated on a serine residue by the cyclic ad ...
Stimulation of glucose utilization in 3T3 adipocytes and rat
... lipolysis (rat adipocytes) up to 40-60%. The increased glucose utilization was correlated with a 3-4fold higher 2-deoxyglucose transport rate and amount of GLUT4 at the plasma membrane, as well as with increased activities of key metabolic enzymes (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, glycogen synt ...
... lipolysis (rat adipocytes) up to 40-60%. The increased glucose utilization was correlated with a 3-4fold higher 2-deoxyglucose transport rate and amount of GLUT4 at the plasma membrane, as well as with increased activities of key metabolic enzymes (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, glycogen synt ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.