Multiple long-term, experimentally
... solubility of the Fe (III) species that is available at neutral pH in oxygenated environments. Consequently, metals are often growth limiting in nature in environments ranging from the open ocean [21] to host infections [22]. In the context of infections, iron is sequestered by high-affinity eukaryo ...
... solubility of the Fe (III) species that is available at neutral pH in oxygenated environments. Consequently, metals are often growth limiting in nature in environments ranging from the open ocean [21] to host infections [22]. In the context of infections, iron is sequestered by high-affinity eukaryo ...
Cloning and Expression of Bovine Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter SGLT2* J. Dairy Sci. 88:2738–2748
... of SGLT2 in the cDNA library of bovine mammary tissues, indicating its expression in bovine mammary gland. To facilitate study of the mechanism of glucose reabsorption in bovine kidneys in maintenance of glucose homeostasis of lactating cows and the potential role of SGLT2 in the mammary gland, we c ...
... of SGLT2 in the cDNA library of bovine mammary tissues, indicating its expression in bovine mammary gland. To facilitate study of the mechanism of glucose reabsorption in bovine kidneys in maintenance of glucose homeostasis of lactating cows and the potential role of SGLT2 in the mammary gland, we c ...
Metabolism and biochemical characteristics of yogurt bacteria
... The role of streptococci and lactobacilli in yogurt manufacture can be summarized as follows: milk acidification, synthesis of aromatic compounds, development of texture and viscosity. The latter aspect is required mainly for stirred and liquid yogurts. Thus, for industrial yogurt manufacture, start ...
... The role of streptococci and lactobacilli in yogurt manufacture can be summarized as follows: milk acidification, synthesis of aromatic compounds, development of texture and viscosity. The latter aspect is required mainly for stirred and liquid yogurts. Thus, for industrial yogurt manufacture, start ...
Chapter 18 Glycolysis
... oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is reoxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ...
... oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is reoxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ...
Internal Assessment: Fermentation Biology Higher Level
... reaction. For a reaction to occur, the particles of the reactants must collide. Therefore, “at a higher concentration the collisions are greater.” (Clark, 2002) As yeast contains certain types of enzymes, the effect of substrate concentration in enzymes is as follows: “As the concentration of substr ...
... reaction. For a reaction to occur, the particles of the reactants must collide. Therefore, “at a higher concentration the collisions are greater.” (Clark, 2002) As yeast contains certain types of enzymes, the effect of substrate concentration in enzymes is as follows: “As the concentration of substr ...
Sugar Metabolism in Yeasts: an Overview of Aerobic and Anaerobic
... Yeasts may be physiologically classified with respect to the type of energy-generating process involved in sugar metabolism, namely non-, facultative- or obligatefermentative (van Dijken and Scheffers 1986). The nonfermentative yeasts have exclusively a respiratory metabolism and are not capable of ...
... Yeasts may be physiologically classified with respect to the type of energy-generating process involved in sugar metabolism, namely non-, facultative- or obligatefermentative (van Dijken and Scheffers 1986). The nonfermentative yeasts have exclusively a respiratory metabolism and are not capable of ...
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... Seventy-nine LAB strains were drop-inoculated onto MRS (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) agar plates containing 50 mmol/L of calcium oxalate. After incubation at 30°C for 48 hours, the presence of clear areas around to bacterial colonies was considered indication of oxalate degradation. Selected strains were ...
... Seventy-nine LAB strains were drop-inoculated onto MRS (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) agar plates containing 50 mmol/L of calcium oxalate. After incubation at 30°C for 48 hours, the presence of clear areas around to bacterial colonies was considered indication of oxalate degradation. Selected strains were ...
Effects of Free Fatty Acid Elevation on Postabsorptive
... levation of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations is often associated with obesity (1) and type 2 diabetes (2). The close correlation between whole-body glucose uptake and fasting plasma FFA concentrations in lean normoglycemic offspring of type 2 diabetic parents (3) indicates that FFAs might ...
... levation of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations is often associated with obesity (1) and type 2 diabetes (2). The close correlation between whole-body glucose uptake and fasting plasma FFA concentrations in lean normoglycemic offspring of type 2 diabetic parents (3) indicates that FFAs might ...
Ch31-Gluconeogenesis and Maintenance of Blood Glucose Levels
... -Oxidation of fatty acids produces acetyl CoA. Because the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is thermodynamically and kinetically irreversible, acetyl CoA does not form pyruvate for gluconeogenesis. Therefore, if acetyl CoA is to produce glucose, it must enter the TCA cycle and be converted to malate ...
... -Oxidation of fatty acids produces acetyl CoA. Because the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is thermodynamically and kinetically irreversible, acetyl CoA does not form pyruvate for gluconeogenesis. Therefore, if acetyl CoA is to produce glucose, it must enter the TCA cycle and be converted to malate ...
Transcriptome analysis of the two unrelated fungal
... Background: Cephalosporins and penicillins are the most frequently used β-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of human infections worldwide. The main industrial producers of these antibiotics are Acremonium chrysogenum and Penicillium chrysogenum, two taxonomically unrelated fungi. Both were subjec ...
... Background: Cephalosporins and penicillins are the most frequently used β-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of human infections worldwide. The main industrial producers of these antibiotics are Acremonium chrysogenum and Penicillium chrysogenum, two taxonomically unrelated fungi. Both were subjec ...
Identification of a Cis-Acting Element of ART1, a
... assay (in vitro) yielded a band at the size of ART1/ digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled probe complex (Fig. 1B, lane 1). This band disappeared in the presence of competitor (100- or 500-fold of non-DIG-labeled STAR1 full probe; Fig. 1B, lanes 2 and 3). To confirm that the band shift was caused by binding of ...
... assay (in vitro) yielded a band at the size of ART1/ digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled probe complex (Fig. 1B, lane 1). This band disappeared in the presence of competitor (100- or 500-fold of non-DIG-labeled STAR1 full probe; Fig. 1B, lanes 2 and 3). To confirm that the band shift was caused by binding of ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
... Since the introduction of molecular oxygen in the atmosphere, a multitude of organisms has evolved that need this compound to survive. However, there are still organisms that can grow anaerobically, and even those that can survive under both conditions. The question is what the difference is between ...
... Since the introduction of molecular oxygen in the atmosphere, a multitude of organisms has evolved that need this compound to survive. However, there are still organisms that can grow anaerobically, and even those that can survive under both conditions. The question is what the difference is between ...
Nonesterified Fatty Acids and Hepatic Glucose Metabolism
... Data are means ⫾ SE of two sampling points during the basal period and 5 sampling points during periods 1 and 2. There were no significant differences among groups (n ⫽ 7, 3, and 8 for NA, NAG, and NAL, respectively). (Fresenius Kabi Clayton, Clayton, NC) and heparin (0.5 units 䡠 kg⫺1 䡠 min⫺1, to st ...
... Data are means ⫾ SE of two sampling points during the basal period and 5 sampling points during periods 1 and 2. There were no significant differences among groups (n ⫽ 7, 3, and 8 for NA, NAG, and NAL, respectively). (Fresenius Kabi Clayton, Clayton, NC) and heparin (0.5 units 䡠 kg⫺1 䡠 min⫺1, to st ...
Short-Term Overexpression of a Constitutively Active Form of AMP
... MP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic master switch mediating adaptation of the cell to variations in nutritional environment (1). Its activity is stimulated by increases in intracellular AMP-to-ATP ratio in response to stresses such as exercise, hypoxia, and glucose deprivation. AMPK ha ...
... MP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic master switch mediating adaptation of the cell to variations in nutritional environment (1). Its activity is stimulated by increases in intracellular AMP-to-ATP ratio in response to stresses such as exercise, hypoxia, and glucose deprivation. AMPK ha ...
The metabolism of glucose by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
... paper chromatography, the use of radioactive Isotopes such as carbon li}. and the use of spectrophotometry. Bacteria, because of the ease with which they may be grown, offer particular promise for the study of these newer metabolic pathways, Hhe research problems in this field involve mainly a study ...
... paper chromatography, the use of radioactive Isotopes such as carbon li}. and the use of spectrophotometry. Bacteria, because of the ease with which they may be grown, offer particular promise for the study of these newer metabolic pathways, Hhe research problems in this field involve mainly a study ...
Regulation of thiamine synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for
... but can also synthesize the co-factor de novo (Figure 1B). Three genes have now been identified as positive regulatory factors in the thiamine biosynthetic pathway. THI2 is allelic with PHO6, and THI2 mutants have been found to be defective in thiamine biosynthesis but fully capable of normal thiamin ...
... but can also synthesize the co-factor de novo (Figure 1B). Three genes have now been identified as positive regulatory factors in the thiamine biosynthetic pathway. THI2 is allelic with PHO6, and THI2 mutants have been found to be defective in thiamine biosynthesis but fully capable of normal thiamin ...
eg1
... multiple forms (Knowles et al. 1987, Kubicek 1992). V. volvacea produces a cellulolytic system that includes multiple forms of all three classes when grown on crystalline cellulose (Cai et al. 1994, 1999). In addition to EG1, four other CMC-hydrolysing proteins were separated in lower yields from cu ...
... multiple forms (Knowles et al. 1987, Kubicek 1992). V. volvacea produces a cellulolytic system that includes multiple forms of all three classes when grown on crystalline cellulose (Cai et al. 1994, 1999). In addition to EG1, four other CMC-hydrolysing proteins were separated in lower yields from cu ...
AdvLec10_WebCT
... ATP used up to ph’late fructose cellular energy is reduced phosphate ‘trapped’ in fructose 1 P all of the above ...
... ATP used up to ph’late fructose cellular energy is reduced phosphate ‘trapped’ in fructose 1 P all of the above ...
AraC Protein, Regulation of the L-arabinose Operon in Escherichia
... Many AraC family members possess similar solubility problems, and because they most obviously share homologous DNA-binding domains, these domains were expected to be insoluble. It was a surprise, however, to discover that the AraC DNA-binding domain itself is soluble, well behaved biochemically, and ...
... Many AraC family members possess similar solubility problems, and because they most obviously share homologous DNA-binding domains, these domains were expected to be insoluble. It was a surprise, however, to discover that the AraC DNA-binding domain itself is soluble, well behaved biochemically, and ...
Expression and activity of hexokinase in the early mouse embryo
... 1982). Hexokinase I has been the most extensively studied (largely in the rat) and is the only isoenzyme whose DNA sequence is available for mouse, derived from tumour tissue (Arora et al., 1990). The gene consists of two structural halves, both coding for proteins containing an ATP and a glucose bi ...
... 1982). Hexokinase I has been the most extensively studied (largely in the rat) and is the only isoenzyme whose DNA sequence is available for mouse, derived from tumour tissue (Arora et al., 1990). The gene consists of two structural halves, both coding for proteins containing an ATP and a glucose bi ...
Probing Allosteric Binding Sites of the Maize
... basis of ligand-binding studies (Haugen and Preiss, 1979). All available evidence leads to the conclusion that tetramers are required for AGPase catalytic activity. Both available AGPase crystal structures show two domains in each subunit: an N-terminal catalytic domain, which resembles previously r ...
... basis of ligand-binding studies (Haugen and Preiss, 1979). All available evidence leads to the conclusion that tetramers are required for AGPase catalytic activity. Both available AGPase crystal structures show two domains in each subunit: an N-terminal catalytic domain, which resembles previously r ...
accelerated glucose discoloration method
... Caramelisation involves heat treatment of monosaccharides in the absence of nitrogenous compounds by removal of water at elevated temperature. The reaction starts the isomerisation of the monosaccharides to low-molecular-weight (LMW) intermediates associated with aroma compounds such as 5-hydroxymet ...
... Caramelisation involves heat treatment of monosaccharides in the absence of nitrogenous compounds by removal of water at elevated temperature. The reaction starts the isomerisation of the monosaccharides to low-molecular-weight (LMW) intermediates associated with aroma compounds such as 5-hydroxymet ...
Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose
... 3. the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and glucose-6-phosphate for entry into metabolism need to be explored. Finally, the PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT) will be discussed. This pathway serves three functions 1. It generates NADPH for reductive biosynthesis. 2. It generates ...
... 3. the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and glucose-6-phosphate for entry into metabolism need to be explored. Finally, the PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT) will be discussed. This pathway serves three functions 1. It generates NADPH for reductive biosynthesis. 2. It generates ...
Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo
... where X represents adenosine or guanosine. The RQ for by oxidation this will also involve gaseous exchange. the process of gluconeogenesis itself is therefore -00, These processes differ from those of lipogenesis and since CO, is used and no 02 is consumed. The use of COa gluconeogenesis in that the ...
... where X represents adenosine or guanosine. The RQ for by oxidation this will also involve gaseous exchange. the process of gluconeogenesis itself is therefore -00, These processes differ from those of lipogenesis and since CO, is used and no 02 is consumed. The use of COa gluconeogenesis in that the ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... as structural elements in living cells. This chapter looks at the role of carbohydrates in energy production. Because the monosaccharide glucose is a prominent energy source in almost all living cells, major emphasis is placed on its synthesis, degradation, and storage. iving cells are in a state of ...
... as structural elements in living cells. This chapter looks at the role of carbohydrates in energy production. Because the monosaccharide glucose is a prominent energy source in almost all living cells, major emphasis is placed on its synthesis, degradation, and storage. iving cells are in a state of ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.