CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
... • 4 reducing equivalents gained as 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 • To yield energy indirectly, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are supplied to the mitochondrial electron transport chain (to be discussed in later lectures), which produces ATP at the expense of the ultimate electron acceptor, O2. MUCH more ATP is ...
... • 4 reducing equivalents gained as 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 • To yield energy indirectly, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are supplied to the mitochondrial electron transport chain (to be discussed in later lectures), which produces ATP at the expense of the ultimate electron acceptor, O2. MUCH more ATP is ...
Glycolysis
... Irreversible phosphorylation of glucose by Hexokinase effectively trap glucose as glucose 6-p that can not diffuse out of the cell. Mammals have several isozymes of Hexokinase that catalyze the phosphorylation. isozymes: Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are different in their kinetic beha ...
... Irreversible phosphorylation of glucose by Hexokinase effectively trap glucose as glucose 6-p that can not diffuse out of the cell. Mammals have several isozymes of Hexokinase that catalyze the phosphorylation. isozymes: Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are different in their kinetic beha ...
03Glycolysis
... Irreversible phosphorylation of glucose by Hexokinase effectively trap glucose as glucose 6-p that can not diffuse out of the cell. Mammals have several isozymes of Hexokinase that catalyze the phosphorylation. isozymes: Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are different in their kinetic beha ...
... Irreversible phosphorylation of glucose by Hexokinase effectively trap glucose as glucose 6-p that can not diffuse out of the cell. Mammals have several isozymes of Hexokinase that catalyze the phosphorylation. isozymes: Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are different in their kinetic beha ...
S08 Glycolysis
... Irreversible phosphorylation of glucose by Hexokinase effectively trap glucose as glucose 6-p that can not diffuse out of the cell. Mammals have several isozymes of Hexokinase that catalyze the phosphorylation. isozymes: Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are different in their kinetic beha ...
... Irreversible phosphorylation of glucose by Hexokinase effectively trap glucose as glucose 6-p that can not diffuse out of the cell. Mammals have several isozymes of Hexokinase that catalyze the phosphorylation. isozymes: Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are different in their kinetic beha ...
Pancreas
... Activates a phosphorylase, which cleaves off a glucose 1-phosphate molecule off of glycogen. Inactivates glycogen synthase by phosphorylation (less glycogen synthesis). Increases phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, stimulating gluconeogenesis Activates lipases, breaking down triglycerides. Inhibits a ...
... Activates a phosphorylase, which cleaves off a glucose 1-phosphate molecule off of glycogen. Inactivates glycogen synthase by phosphorylation (less glycogen synthesis). Increases phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, stimulating gluconeogenesis Activates lipases, breaking down triglycerides. Inhibits a ...
Expression of phosphofructokinase in Neisseria meningitidis
... demand of the cell increases (Blangy et al., 1968). The ATPPFK described above (PFK-1) is broadly distributed in Eukaryota and Bacteria, as indicated by homologous protein sequences and biochemical evidence (Bapteste et al., 2003), and is encoded by the pfkA gene. A second type of ATP-PFK enzyme (PF ...
... demand of the cell increases (Blangy et al., 1968). The ATPPFK described above (PFK-1) is broadly distributed in Eukaryota and Bacteria, as indicated by homologous protein sequences and biochemical evidence (Bapteste et al., 2003), and is encoded by the pfkA gene. A second type of ATP-PFK enzyme (PF ...
Lecture 10
... • Two specific phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and glucose 6-phosphate. ...
... • Two specific phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and glucose 6-phosphate. ...
Urinalysis
... "Pass-through phenom enon" - At high glucose levels, the color produced passes quickly through the orange stage and returns again to blue before the end of the specified time. Must observe the reaction closely or may falsely report a negative result. T his problem can be avoided by using a 2 drop me ...
... "Pass-through phenom enon" - At high glucose levels, the color produced passes quickly through the orange stage and returns again to blue before the end of the specified time. Must observe the reaction closely or may falsely report a negative result. T his problem can be avoided by using a 2 drop me ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically activated by acyl-CoA. In order to activate bicarbonate, an acylCoA must be bound to an allosteric binding site of the enzyme. The second half of the enzyme catalyzed reaction, the nucleophilic attack of the pyruvate enolate on N-carboxybiotin, is not affected ...
... Pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically activated by acyl-CoA. In order to activate bicarbonate, an acylCoA must be bound to an allosteric binding site of the enzyme. The second half of the enzyme catalyzed reaction, the nucleophilic attack of the pyruvate enolate on N-carboxybiotin, is not affected ...
Document
... Tricarboxylic acid cycle (2C to 1C) • Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs cycle • Occurs in mitochondrial matrix • Is the biochemical hub of the cell, oxidizing carbon fuels, usually in the form of acetyl CoA, interconversion of carbohydrates, lipids, and some amino acids, as well as serving as a source of ...
... Tricarboxylic acid cycle (2C to 1C) • Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs cycle • Occurs in mitochondrial matrix • Is the biochemical hub of the cell, oxidizing carbon fuels, usually in the form of acetyl CoA, interconversion of carbohydrates, lipids, and some amino acids, as well as serving as a source of ...
- Wiley Online Library
... decade because of its potential applications in agro-industrial processes, such as the pulp and paper industry and biofuel production. These studies have shown that xylan bioconversion is mediated by a wide array of enzymes (Collins et al., 2005; Dodd & Cann, 2009). Although the xylanolytic systems ...
... decade because of its potential applications in agro-industrial processes, such as the pulp and paper industry and biofuel production. These studies have shown that xylan bioconversion is mediated by a wide array of enzymes (Collins et al., 2005; Dodd & Cann, 2009). Although the xylanolytic systems ...
Metabolism of Neoplastic Tissue XII. Effects of Glucose
... to substrate exhaustion, since at this time approxi to oxygen uptake. The typical results of one such mately 60 per cent of the added glucose was con experiment are given in Table 2. The total oxygen verted to CO2. The oxidation at 0.0025 Mparalleled uptakes and total CO2 yields were approximately t ...
... to substrate exhaustion, since at this time approxi to oxygen uptake. The typical results of one such mately 60 per cent of the added glucose was con experiment are given in Table 2. The total oxygen verted to CO2. The oxidation at 0.0025 Mparalleled uptakes and total CO2 yields were approximately t ...
... Bacillus synthesize acetoin during late exponential phase of the growth by alsSD operon. The alsSD operon consists of alsS and alsD enzyme units that code for acetolactate synthase and acetolactate decarboxylase respectively. In Bacillus, acetoin is used as a secondary carbon source during sporulati ...
Glycolysis
... • The free energyreleased in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP & NADH. • Glycolysis is a definite sequence of ten reactions involving ten intermediate compounds. • The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. ...
... • The free energyreleased in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP & NADH. • Glycolysis is a definite sequence of ten reactions involving ten intermediate compounds. • The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. ...
The KIebsieIIa pneumoniae cytochrome bd
... 1995) have been purified. They are membrane-bound dimeric ubiquinol oxidases containing haems B and D. In general their properties are similar, except that the values for k,,, and the apparent K , values for 0, differ, being lower for the E. coli and K . pneumoniae enzymes than for the A. vinelandii ...
... 1995) have been purified. They are membrane-bound dimeric ubiquinol oxidases containing haems B and D. In general their properties are similar, except that the values for k,,, and the apparent K , values for 0, differ, being lower for the E. coli and K . pneumoniae enzymes than for the A. vinelandii ...
CitA (citrate) and DcuS (C 4 -dicarboxylate) sensor kinases in
... efficiency similar to CitA of E. coli (Fig. 3B) indicating that citrate transport and citrate lyase ...
... efficiency similar to CitA of E. coli (Fig. 3B) indicating that citrate transport and citrate lyase ...
U4L22 exercise - University of Sydney
... This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Sydney pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by y ...
... This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Sydney pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by y ...
As a PDF file
... Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a heterogeneous group of gram-positive bacteria that produce lactic acid as their main end-product during sugar fermentation. Because the LAB are able to rapidly lower pH through acid formation and additionally produce many flavor compounds, they are commonly used in t ...
... Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a heterogeneous group of gram-positive bacteria that produce lactic acid as their main end-product during sugar fermentation. Because the LAB are able to rapidly lower pH through acid formation and additionally produce many flavor compounds, they are commonly used in t ...
Gly - mustafaaltinisik.org.uk
... Predominantly oxidative branch and phosphate pentose isomerase reaction. 3. need NADPH more than ribose 5-P Generating fructose 5-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P by both branches Changed to glucose 6-P through gluconeogenesis Thus, theoretically all glucose can be converted to CO2 and NADPH. ...
... Predominantly oxidative branch and phosphate pentose isomerase reaction. 3. need NADPH more than ribose 5-P Generating fructose 5-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P by both branches Changed to glucose 6-P through gluconeogenesis Thus, theoretically all glucose can be converted to CO2 and NADPH. ...
Word
... Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is an essential cofactor for nearly 60 Escherichia coli enzymes but ...
... Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is an essential cofactor for nearly 60 Escherichia coli enzymes but ...
GLUCOKINASE ACTIVATORS: A GLUCOSE SENSOR ROLE IN PANCREATIC ISLETS AND HEPATOCYTE
... there by lowering blood sugar and are highly effective in patients with type –II diabetes mellitus. GK was an outstanding drug target for developing anti diabetic medicines because it has an exceptionally high impact on glucose homeostasis, because of its glucose sensor role in pancreatic β-cells an ...
... there by lowering blood sugar and are highly effective in patients with type –II diabetes mellitus. GK was an outstanding drug target for developing anti diabetic medicines because it has an exceptionally high impact on glucose homeostasis, because of its glucose sensor role in pancreatic β-cells an ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiologyy
... For flow-chamber experiments, the strains were tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). This was accomplished by the insertion of a miniTn7PA1/04/03-gfp-T0T1 transposon cassette into the chromosomes of target strains using the suicide construct pBK-miniTn7-gfp3 (25). Plasmid pBK-miniTn7-gfp3 ...
... For flow-chamber experiments, the strains were tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). This was accomplished by the insertion of a miniTn7PA1/04/03-gfp-T0T1 transposon cassette into the chromosomes of target strains using the suicide construct pBK-miniTn7-gfp3 (25). Plasmid pBK-miniTn7-gfp3 ...
Gluconeogenesis
... process takes place in two cellular compartments. The first enzyme is pyruvate carboxylase, the second is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. ...
... process takes place in two cellular compartments. The first enzyme is pyruvate carboxylase, the second is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. ...
27. GE_7.27 Gluconeo.. - College of Pharmacy at Howard University
... Hexokinase Isozymes of Muscle and Liver Are Affected Differently by Their Product, Glucose 6Phosphate Hexokinase, which catalyzes the entry of free glucose into the glycolytic pathway, is a regulatory enzyme. There are four isozymes (designated I to IV). Hexokinase II has a high affinity for g ...
... Hexokinase Isozymes of Muscle and Liver Are Affected Differently by Their Product, Glucose 6Phosphate Hexokinase, which catalyzes the entry of free glucose into the glycolytic pathway, is a regulatory enzyme. There are four isozymes (designated I to IV). Hexokinase II has a high affinity for g ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.