7.2 Glycolysis
... Glycolysis occurs with or without oxygen (during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration) Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell During glycolysis glucose is split in two to form 2 pyruvate molecules ...
... Glycolysis occurs with or without oxygen (during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration) Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell During glycolysis glucose is split in two to form 2 pyruvate molecules ...
Blood Sugar is Stable
... While glucagon, adrenaline and growth hormone promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, these hormones do not provide the amino acids that are substrates for gluconeogenesis. We need cortisol for this. Cortisol inhibits protein synthesis and shifts the balance between protein anabolism and catabol ...
... While glucagon, adrenaline and growth hormone promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, these hormones do not provide the amino acids that are substrates for gluconeogenesis. We need cortisol for this. Cortisol inhibits protein synthesis and shifts the balance between protein anabolism and catabol ...
- Wiley Online Library
... subtilis cannot ferment either glucose or pyruvate e¤ciently (unlike E. coli) and why pyruvate enhances glucose fermentation are unknown. NMR analysis showed that fermentation products in B. subtilis include acetate, acetoin, ethanol, lactate, succinate and 2,3-butanediol, indicating a mixed acid fe ...
... subtilis cannot ferment either glucose or pyruvate e¤ciently (unlike E. coli) and why pyruvate enhances glucose fermentation are unknown. NMR analysis showed that fermentation products in B. subtilis include acetate, acetoin, ethanol, lactate, succinate and 2,3-butanediol, indicating a mixed acid fe ...
REVIEWS
... carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. This enables them to feed the central metabolic pathways — glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate pathway, the citric acid cycle and the 2‑oxoglutarate–glutamate–glutamine cycle — from which all of the precursors that are required for the synthesis of the cell’s ...
... carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. This enables them to feed the central metabolic pathways — glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate pathway, the citric acid cycle and the 2‑oxoglutarate–glutamate–glutamine cycle — from which all of the precursors that are required for the synthesis of the cell’s ...
Final published version
... Manipulation of NADH-dependent steps, and particularly disruption of the las-located lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) gene in Lactococcus lactis, is common to engineering strategies envisaging the accumulation of reduced end products other than lactate. Reverse transcription-PCR experiments revealed that ...
... Manipulation of NADH-dependent steps, and particularly disruption of the las-located lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) gene in Lactococcus lactis, is common to engineering strategies envisaging the accumulation of reduced end products other than lactate. Reverse transcription-PCR experiments revealed that ...
Pathways of Glucose Assimilation in Puccinia graminis
... Overall distribution of radioactivity from [ Tlglucose Analysis of the medium by GLC showed that during the 18 h preincubation, less than 5% of the initial 20 mM-glucose was utilized, whereas 2 mwglucose was reduced to 1.05 mM. Thus, labelling experiments were effectively carried out in either 1 or ...
... Overall distribution of radioactivity from [ Tlglucose Analysis of the medium by GLC showed that during the 18 h preincubation, less than 5% of the initial 20 mM-glucose was utilized, whereas 2 mwglucose was reduced to 1.05 mM. Thus, labelling experiments were effectively carried out in either 1 or ...
Glycolysis and the Catabolism of Hexoses
... generate an ATP; this is called the substrate-level phosphorylation; 1,3-BPG is a high energy intermediate that leads to ATP formation. • The phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the shift of phosphoryl group on 3-phosphoglycerate from C-3 to C-2; 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is both a coenzyme for the muta ...
... generate an ATP; this is called the substrate-level phosphorylation; 1,3-BPG is a high energy intermediate that leads to ATP formation. • The phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the shift of phosphoryl group on 3-phosphoglycerate from C-3 to C-2; 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is both a coenzyme for the muta ...
METABOLISM - UMK C.A.R.N.I.V.O.R.E.S. 3 | C-alm, A
... • Usually occur in liver and skeletal muscle – can occur in every tissue for some extent • Liver may contain 4-6% of glycogen per weight of the organ when analysed shortly after a meal high in carbohydrate • After 12-18 hours of fasting- liver almost depleted of glycogen • Glycogen synthase is the k ...
... • Usually occur in liver and skeletal muscle – can occur in every tissue for some extent • Liver may contain 4-6% of glycogen per weight of the organ when analysed shortly after a meal high in carbohydrate • After 12-18 hours of fasting- liver almost depleted of glycogen • Glycogen synthase is the k ...
Determination of Optimal Glucose Concentrations
... foreign genes and secretes proteins.’ Glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3) which is used to saccharify starchy feed stocks in commercial processes for glucose and ethanol productions, is not produced by S. cerevisiae. With this in mind, the STA gene (glucoamylase gene of Saccharomyces diastaticus) was chosen a ...
... foreign genes and secretes proteins.’ Glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3) which is used to saccharify starchy feed stocks in commercial processes for glucose and ethanol productions, is not produced by S. cerevisiae. With this in mind, the STA gene (glucoamylase gene of Saccharomyces diastaticus) was chosen a ...
Gluconeogenesis Glycogen metabolism
... The products are then maltose, maltotriose and a mixture of small branched fragments (with 5 - 9 glucose residues) called α-dextrins. Those products are hydrolysed to free glucose by the action of both maltase and saccharase-isomaltase, bound in the plasma membrane of mucosal cells of the duodenum a ...
... The products are then maltose, maltotriose and a mixture of small branched fragments (with 5 - 9 glucose residues) called α-dextrins. Those products are hydrolysed to free glucose by the action of both maltase and saccharase-isomaltase, bound in the plasma membrane of mucosal cells of the duodenum a ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Severe hypoglycemia can cause irreversible damage to the central nervous system, which in its early stages might be mistaken for simple intoxication. ...
... Severe hypoglycemia can cause irreversible damage to the central nervous system, which in its early stages might be mistaken for simple intoxication. ...
Journal of Biotechnology Evaluation of 13C isotopic tracers for
... measuring all net and exchange fluxes within the network. Systems biology concerns itself with the acquisition, integration, and analysis of complex data sets. MFA was one of the first manifestations of systems level analysis in complex, biological systems and is unique among systems biology tools in ...
... measuring all net and exchange fluxes within the network. Systems biology concerns itself with the acquisition, integration, and analysis of complex data sets. MFA was one of the first manifestations of systems level analysis in complex, biological systems and is unique among systems biology tools in ...
Nutritional Control of Growth and Development in Yeast
... simply by activating this pathway. Similarly, blocking signaling through the pathway concurrent with glucose addition eliminates most, albeit not all, of the responses. Thus, the PKA pathway is both necessary and sufficient for a majority of the transcriptional responses of the cell to glucose (Zama ...
... simply by activating this pathway. Similarly, blocking signaling through the pathway concurrent with glucose addition eliminates most, albeit not all, of the responses. Thus, the PKA pathway is both necessary and sufficient for a majority of the transcriptional responses of the cell to glucose (Zama ...
Ecological speciation model
... Make very oxidized and very reduced compounds. More NAD(P)H to be reoxidized constrains ATP synthesis, high energy intermediate used as an electron acceptor. Vitamins: essential portions of cofactors that organism can not make de novo ...
... Make very oxidized and very reduced compounds. More NAD(P)H to be reoxidized constrains ATP synthesis, high energy intermediate used as an electron acceptor. Vitamins: essential portions of cofactors that organism can not make de novo ...
Note Set 11 1 GLYCOLYSIS (also known as: EMBDEN
... •4 calcium binding sites •very sensitive to Ca++ ; can respond to 1µM • without Ca++, the active site of phosphorylase kinase is blocked •Ca ++ binding to calmodulin causes a conformational change is calmodulin that results in "unblocking" of the phos kinase active site so it can now bind its substr ...
... •4 calcium binding sites •very sensitive to Ca++ ; can respond to 1µM • without Ca++, the active site of phosphorylase kinase is blocked •Ca ++ binding to calmodulin causes a conformational change is calmodulin that results in "unblocking" of the phos kinase active site so it can now bind its substr ...
Answers - U of L Class Index
... Galactose reacts with ATP to yield galactose-1-phosphate, which is converted to glucose phosphate, an intermediate in glycolysis. Fructose reacts with ATP to yield fructose-1phosphate, which is cleaved to give dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate isomerizes to gl ...
... Galactose reacts with ATP to yield galactose-1-phosphate, which is converted to glucose phosphate, an intermediate in glycolysis. Fructose reacts with ATP to yield fructose-1phosphate, which is cleaved to give dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate isomerizes to gl ...
Enzymes for Pharma Applications
... enzymes like pepsin, trypsin, lipase, and amylase break down food compounds into simpler compounds that are then converted into energy for the body. Bio-catalysts: Enzymes are substances that accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. Industrial enzymes are most frequently ...
... enzymes like pepsin, trypsin, lipase, and amylase break down food compounds into simpler compounds that are then converted into energy for the body. Bio-catalysts: Enzymes are substances that accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. Industrial enzymes are most frequently ...
Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
... entered in the previous cycle; there is a one-cycle delay between the entry of two carbon atoms as an acetyl unit and their release as CO2. 4. In each complete cycle, four oxidation-reduction reactions produce three molecules of NADH (Steps 3, 4, and 8) and one molecule of FADH2 (Step 6). 5. One mol ...
... entered in the previous cycle; there is a one-cycle delay between the entry of two carbon atoms as an acetyl unit and their release as CO2. 4. In each complete cycle, four oxidation-reduction reactions produce three molecules of NADH (Steps 3, 4, and 8) and one molecule of FADH2 (Step 6). 5. One mol ...
to Sample Chapter
... CH3COOH can be represented as C2(H2O)2 but cannot be classified as carbohydrate, but it is an acid. The compound rhamnose, CH3(CHOH)4CHO cannot be represented as Cx(H2O)y but it is a carbohydrate. Hence, the carbohydrates now have a different meaning or definition. 14.2.1 Classification of Carbohydr ...
... CH3COOH can be represented as C2(H2O)2 but cannot be classified as carbohydrate, but it is an acid. The compound rhamnose, CH3(CHOH)4CHO cannot be represented as Cx(H2O)y but it is a carbohydrate. Hence, the carbohydrates now have a different meaning or definition. 14.2.1 Classification of Carbohydr ...
Fructose-1,6 - LSU School of Medicine
... List gluconeogenic precursors List the enzymes and intermediates involved in gluconeogenesis List the irreversible and regulated steps of gluconeogenesis Discuss regulation of gluconeogenesis ...
... List gluconeogenic precursors List the enzymes and intermediates involved in gluconeogenesis List the irreversible and regulated steps of gluconeogenesis Discuss regulation of gluconeogenesis ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... taken up by brain and active muscle. The liver regulates blood glucose levels. The muscle retains glucose 6-phosphate to be use for energy. Phosphorylated glucose is not transported out of muscle cells. ...
... taken up by brain and active muscle. The liver regulates blood glucose levels. The muscle retains glucose 6-phosphate to be use for energy. Phosphorylated glucose is not transported out of muscle cells. ...
Anaerobic Glucose and Serine Metabolism in Staphy
... Peptococcrrs pre'votii. We are grateful to Dr I. Leighton (Hull Royal Infirmary) for its identification by the biochemical tests of Schleifer & Kocur (1973) and Schleifer & Kloos (1975). Growth of organism. Bacteria were grown in the medium and under the conditions described by Horan et al. (1978~); ...
... Peptococcrrs pre'votii. We are grateful to Dr I. Leighton (Hull Royal Infirmary) for its identification by the biochemical tests of Schleifer & Kocur (1973) and Schleifer & Kloos (1975). Growth of organism. Bacteria were grown in the medium and under the conditions described by Horan et al. (1978~); ...
SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Glycogen
... Glycogen Phosphorylase Glycogen phosphorylase uses the cofactor pyridoxal 5’-phosphate to catalyze production of glucose 1-phosphate from a terminal end of glycogen. ...
... Glycogen Phosphorylase Glycogen phosphorylase uses the cofactor pyridoxal 5’-phosphate to catalyze production of glucose 1-phosphate from a terminal end of glycogen. ...
Physiological implications of class IIa bacteriocin resistance in
... cells an advantage in the absence of glucose. An example of such an up-regulation exists for two enzymes associated with b-glucoside-specific PTSs in class IIa-resistant L. monocytogenes strains (Gravesen et al., 2002b). Such an up-regulation can explain that the specific growth rate of EGDe-mptA is ...
... cells an advantage in the absence of glucose. An example of such an up-regulation exists for two enzymes associated with b-glucoside-specific PTSs in class IIa-resistant L. monocytogenes strains (Gravesen et al., 2002b). Such an up-regulation can explain that the specific growth rate of EGDe-mptA is ...
Petunia Ap2-like Genes and Their Role in Flower and
... PhAp2A Is the Closest Ortholog of Ap2; PhAp2B and PhAp2C Belong to a Different Subfamily of Ap2-like Genes in Petunia An 800-bp PhAp2A-1 cDNA insert was used to probe petunia genomic DNA gel blots at medium stringency. Under these conditions, three hybridizing bands can be observed, one of which has ...
... PhAp2A Is the Closest Ortholog of Ap2; PhAp2B and PhAp2C Belong to a Different Subfamily of Ap2-like Genes in Petunia An 800-bp PhAp2A-1 cDNA insert was used to probe petunia genomic DNA gel blots at medium stringency. Under these conditions, three hybridizing bands can be observed, one of which has ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.