Changes in the Intracellular Concentration of Acetyl
... total acyl-CoA was not saturated under these conditions, suggesting that the maximum concentration of total acyl-CoA was not necessarily determined by the apparent excess of glucose in the medium. Various carbon sources other than glucose, each at a concentration of 28 mM, were examined for their ef ...
... total acyl-CoA was not saturated under these conditions, suggesting that the maximum concentration of total acyl-CoA was not necessarily determined by the apparent excess of glucose in the medium. Various carbon sources other than glucose, each at a concentration of 28 mM, were examined for their ef ...
Analysis of gene expression changes in Trichophyton rubrum after
... (DW695173, DW697427 and EL793695) and DW685106, which encodes the cell wall enzyme 1,3-b-glucanosyltransferase, were induced upon addition of human skin sections. ...
... (DW695173, DW697427 and EL793695) and DW685106, which encodes the cell wall enzyme 1,3-b-glucanosyltransferase, were induced upon addition of human skin sections. ...
Glycogen Metabolism Gluconeogenesis
... • In the “resting” state, Gα is bound to the Gβ-Gγ dimer. Gα contains the nucleotide binding site, holding GDP in the inactive form, and is the “warhead” of the G protein. At least 20 different forms of Ga exist in mammalian cells. • Binding of the extracellular signal by the GPCR causes it to under ...
... • In the “resting” state, Gα is bound to the Gβ-Gγ dimer. Gα contains the nucleotide binding site, holding GDP in the inactive form, and is the “warhead” of the G protein. At least 20 different forms of Ga exist in mammalian cells. • Binding of the extracellular signal by the GPCR causes it to under ...
Systems Biology of Biological Nitrogen Fixation
... etli nodule-bacteria, we detected induced proteins involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) such as chromosomally-localized superoxide dismutase SodB (RHE_CH01203), the disruption of the sodA gene previously was shown to affect symbiotic efficiency of in alfalfa [17]. In addi ...
... etli nodule-bacteria, we detected induced proteins involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) such as chromosomally-localized superoxide dismutase SodB (RHE_CH01203), the disruption of the sodA gene previously was shown to affect symbiotic efficiency of in alfalfa [17]. In addi ...
End-products, Fermentation Balances and Molar
... growth on limiting amounts of glucose in the defined medium. Lactobacillum plantarum, however, did not lyse if galactose replaced glucose, suggesting that this species, similar to certain streptococci (Moustafa & Collins, I 968 b), has difficulty synthesizing galactosamine from glucose. Autolysis wa ...
... growth on limiting amounts of glucose in the defined medium. Lactobacillum plantarum, however, did not lyse if galactose replaced glucose, suggesting that this species, similar to certain streptococci (Moustafa & Collins, I 968 b), has difficulty synthesizing galactosamine from glucose. Autolysis wa ...
finalglycogen (2)
... Debranching enzyme: The last glucose units attacked to the original branch by α 1-6 bond is removed by debranching enzyme then glucose-1PO4 are converted of G-6-Po4 by mutase. Then phosphatase give glucose. Fat of glucose-6-Po4 In liver: it is converted to glucose by G-6-phosphotase. In muscle: no G ...
... Debranching enzyme: The last glucose units attacked to the original branch by α 1-6 bond is removed by debranching enzyme then glucose-1PO4 are converted of G-6-Po4 by mutase. Then phosphatase give glucose. Fat of glucose-6-Po4 In liver: it is converted to glucose by G-6-phosphotase. In muscle: no G ...
5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carboxamide Riboside Mimics the
... treatment with dexamethasone plus 8CPT-cAMP in the presence or absence of insulin or a range of concentrations of AICAR (upper panel). A similar experiment measuring CAT expression under the control of the PEPCK promoter in HL1C cells (a stably transfected clone of the rat hepatoma cell line H4IIE [ ...
... treatment with dexamethasone plus 8CPT-cAMP in the presence or absence of insulin or a range of concentrations of AICAR (upper panel). A similar experiment measuring CAT expression under the control of the PEPCK promoter in HL1C cells (a stably transfected clone of the rat hepatoma cell line H4IIE [ ...
Fed State Insulin Insulin Fasted State/ Starvation
... Ethanol metabolism can cause hypoglycemia; the high NADH opposes gluconeogenesis Ethanol metabolism increases NADH Increased NADH promotes the conversion of two glucogenic precursors (pyruvate and oxaloacetate) to lactate and malate. This removes pyruvate and oxaloacetate from the pool of glucogenic ...
... Ethanol metabolism can cause hypoglycemia; the high NADH opposes gluconeogenesis Ethanol metabolism increases NADH Increased NADH promotes the conversion of two glucogenic precursors (pyruvate and oxaloacetate) to lactate and malate. This removes pyruvate and oxaloacetate from the pool of glucogenic ...
CASE 37
... In the short term, the effects of insulin and glucagon on several key regulatory reactions in intermediary metabolism are directly opposed to each other. These key points of regulation have been described as futile cycles because there is always some basal activity. For example, glycogen synthesis a ...
... In the short term, the effects of insulin and glucagon on several key regulatory reactions in intermediary metabolism are directly opposed to each other. These key points of regulation have been described as futile cycles because there is always some basal activity. For example, glycogen synthesis a ...
I) Choose the best answer: 1- Which of the following metabolites can
... 1- Anaplerotic reaction of Kreb`s cycle involve all these compounds EXCEPT: a) Aspartic acid b) Glutamic acid c) Acetate d) Pyruvate 2- The obligatory reaction of Cori cycle that occurs in both liver and muscles iscatalyzed by: a) Hexokinase b) Pyruvate kinase c) Glucose -6-phosphatase d) Lactate de ...
... 1- Anaplerotic reaction of Kreb`s cycle involve all these compounds EXCEPT: a) Aspartic acid b) Glutamic acid c) Acetate d) Pyruvate 2- The obligatory reaction of Cori cycle that occurs in both liver and muscles iscatalyzed by: a) Hexokinase b) Pyruvate kinase c) Glucose -6-phosphatase d) Lactate de ...
Chapter Twenty Three
... ► The symptoms by which diabetes is usually detected are excessive thirst accompanied by frequent urination, abnormally high glucose concentrations in urine and blood, and wasting of the body despite a good diet. These symptoms result when available glucose does not enter cells where it is needed. ...
... ► The symptoms by which diabetes is usually detected are excessive thirst accompanied by frequent urination, abnormally high glucose concentrations in urine and blood, and wasting of the body despite a good diet. These symptoms result when available glucose does not enter cells where it is needed. ...
H - IS MU
... For thousands of years humans consumed fructose amounting to 16–20 grams per day, largely from fresh fruits. Westernization of diets has resulted in significant increases in added fructose, leading to typical daily consumptions amounting to 85–100 grams of fructose per day. ...
... For thousands of years humans consumed fructose amounting to 16–20 grams per day, largely from fresh fruits. Westernization of diets has resulted in significant increases in added fructose, leading to typical daily consumptions amounting to 85–100 grams of fructose per day. ...
Absorption of VFA
... Absorption greater with increasing concentrations of acids in the rumen Absorption increases at lower rumen pH Absorption greater in grain fed animals Faster fermentation – More VFA produced Lower pH Growth of papillae ...
... Absorption greater with increasing concentrations of acids in the rumen Absorption increases at lower rumen pH Absorption greater in grain fed animals Faster fermentation – More VFA produced Lower pH Growth of papillae ...
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
... 7–10% of wet weight Use glycogen to export glucose to the bloodstream when blood sugar is low Glycogen stores are depleted after approximately 24 hrs of fasting (in humans) De novo synthesis of glucose for glycogen ...
... 7–10% of wet weight Use glycogen to export glucose to the bloodstream when blood sugar is low Glycogen stores are depleted after approximately 24 hrs of fasting (in humans) De novo synthesis of glucose for glycogen ...
Insert Overview of Translation here 2 pages.
... processes of initiation, elongation and termination are completely independent. Each cistron has its own Shine-Dalgarno sequence, its own start codon and its own stop codon. An occasional exception to this rule exists. Ask me about it if you like. ...
... processes of initiation, elongation and termination are completely independent. Each cistron has its own Shine-Dalgarno sequence, its own start codon and its own stop codon. An occasional exception to this rule exists. Ask me about it if you like. ...
Chemical Energy Production
... • Nonessential amino acids are those that can be synthesized by the body – glucose and fats can be used to generate some amino acids • Essential amino acids (8) cannot be synthesized in body – must be obtained from dietary intake ...
... • Nonessential amino acids are those that can be synthesized by the body – glucose and fats can be used to generate some amino acids • Essential amino acids (8) cannot be synthesized in body – must be obtained from dietary intake ...
Crystal structure of yeast hexokinase Pl in complex
... amino acid residues, whereas PI has 485 residues. Hexokinase PII is the predominant hexose kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in growth on glucose3 and is required for catabolite repression by glucose of expression of other genes.4,5 The yeast HKs are known to exist as phosphoproteins in vitro6 and ...
... amino acid residues, whereas PI has 485 residues. Hexokinase PII is the predominant hexose kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in growth on glucose3 and is required for catabolite repression by glucose of expression of other genes.4,5 The yeast HKs are known to exist as phosphoproteins in vitro6 and ...
Metabolic changes in Diabetes mellitus (DM)
... of autoimmune destruction of beta cells in genetically susceptive individuals ...
... of autoimmune destruction of beta cells in genetically susceptive individuals ...
Enzymes
... enzyme can catalyze the same reaction in parallel; this can allow more complex regulation: with, for example, a low constant activity provided by one enzyme but an inducible high activity from a second enzyme. Enzymes determine what steps occur in these pathways. Without enzymes, metabolism would ne ...
... enzyme can catalyze the same reaction in parallel; this can allow more complex regulation: with, for example, a low constant activity provided by one enzyme but an inducible high activity from a second enzyme. Enzymes determine what steps occur in these pathways. Without enzymes, metabolism would ne ...
Review Evolution of the coordinate regulation of glycolytic enzyme
... regulatory mechanisms have been conserved and elaborated in higher animals while others, including the bacterial operon, have been largely replaced. The rearrangement of primitive prokaryotic glycolytic enzyme gene operons into unlinked genes on eukaryotic chromosomes requires the parallel segregati ...
... regulatory mechanisms have been conserved and elaborated in higher animals while others, including the bacterial operon, have been largely replaced. The rearrangement of primitive prokaryotic glycolytic enzyme gene operons into unlinked genes on eukaryotic chromosomes requires the parallel segregati ...
An Upstream Enhancer Region Located at -1810/
... significant increase in luciferase values for both lines with increased ovulation rates, Meishan and Index, over that of Control. Reduction of the proximal promoter from 5118 to 1900 bp relative to the translational start site maintained a 2-4 fold increase in luciferase activity (Index and Meishan, ...
... significant increase in luciferase values for both lines with increased ovulation rates, Meishan and Index, over that of Control. Reduction of the proximal promoter from 5118 to 1900 bp relative to the translational start site maintained a 2-4 fold increase in luciferase activity (Index and Meishan, ...
Murine model of obesity-induced type II diabetes by
... (Fig.3). Glycogen synthesis is mainly controlled by glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) (7) GS catalyzes the addition of glucose to the glycogen chain, and GP catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose-1-phosphate (Fig.4). The activity of GS is stimulated by dephosphor ...
... (Fig.3). Glycogen synthesis is mainly controlled by glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) (7) GS catalyzes the addition of glucose to the glycogen chain, and GP catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose-1-phosphate (Fig.4). The activity of GS is stimulated by dephosphor ...
Mitochondrial stress causes increased succination of proteins in
... (1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride)], for a further 2–8 days (maturation period); during this time lipid droplets accumulated in the cytoplasm. Preliminary experiments using L-glucose as an osmotic control indicated that it had no effect on protein succination (results not shown). Culture medium w ...
... (1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride)], for a further 2–8 days (maturation period); during this time lipid droplets accumulated in the cytoplasm. Preliminary experiments using L-glucose as an osmotic control indicated that it had no effect on protein succination (results not shown). Culture medium w ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.