Lecture 26
... Acetyl-CoA is a “high energy” compound: The DG' for the hydrolysis of its thioester is -31.5 kJ• mol-1 making it greater than the hydrolysis of ATP ...
... Acetyl-CoA is a “high energy” compound: The DG' for the hydrolysis of its thioester is -31.5 kJ• mol-1 making it greater than the hydrolysis of ATP ...
Review of the reconstruction
... regulation of the gene encoding the aa3 oxidase active during the growth phase is also uncharacterized. FNR is the key regulator of anaerobic respiration and fermentation via the control of ArfM synthesis. The mechanism of action of ArfM on its regulon remains to be determined. In addition, whether ...
... regulation of the gene encoding the aa3 oxidase active during the growth phase is also uncharacterized. FNR is the key regulator of anaerobic respiration and fermentation via the control of ArfM synthesis. The mechanism of action of ArfM on its regulon remains to be determined. In addition, whether ...
Onset of lactation in the bovine mammary gland:
... Abstract The mammary gland undergoes dramatic functional and metabolic changes during the transition from late pregnancy to lactation. To better understand the molecular events underlying these changes, we analyzed expression profiles of approximately 23,000 gene transcripts in bovine mammary tissue ...
... Abstract The mammary gland undergoes dramatic functional and metabolic changes during the transition from late pregnancy to lactation. To better understand the molecular events underlying these changes, we analyzed expression profiles of approximately 23,000 gene transcripts in bovine mammary tissue ...
E.coli Tic Tacs
... The biobricks would all end up arranged on a pSB1A3 plasmid except for (b) which would be on a pSB1A2 plasmid. ...
... The biobricks would all end up arranged on a pSB1A3 plasmid except for (b) which would be on a pSB1A2 plasmid. ...
Control of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis During the Transition Period
... relative activities of glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) determine the availability of free glucose for release from liver. The resulting free glucose in the endoplasmic reticulum is released from the hepatocyte through the action of facilitated glucose transporter 2. The combined flux ...
... relative activities of glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) determine the availability of free glucose for release from liver. The resulting free glucose in the endoplasmic reticulum is released from the hepatocyte through the action of facilitated glucose transporter 2. The combined flux ...
lecture11&12-RS_Major Metabolic Pathways of
... NADH are formed when pyruvate is produced (aerobic glycolysis), whereas NADH is reconverted to NAD+ when lactate is the end product (anaerobic glycolysis). ...
... NADH are formed when pyruvate is produced (aerobic glycolysis), whereas NADH is reconverted to NAD+ when lactate is the end product (anaerobic glycolysis). ...
Glycolysis is the major oxidative pathway for glucose
... NADH are formed when pyruvate is produced (aerobic glycolysis), whereas NADH is reconverted to NAD+ when lactate is the end product (anaerobic glycolysis). ...
... NADH are formed when pyruvate is produced (aerobic glycolysis), whereas NADH is reconverted to NAD+ when lactate is the end product (anaerobic glycolysis). ...
Cloning, Sequencing, and Characterization of the Pradimicin
... gene cluster involved in the biosynthesis of pradimicins was cloned and sequenced. The pradimicin gene cluster was localized to a 39-kb DNA segment and its involvement in the biosynthesis of pradimicin was proven by gene inactivation of prmA and prmB (ketosynthases α and β). The pradimicin gene clus ...
... gene cluster involved in the biosynthesis of pradimicins was cloned and sequenced. The pradimicin gene cluster was localized to a 39-kb DNA segment and its involvement in the biosynthesis of pradimicin was proven by gene inactivation of prmA and prmB (ketosynthases α and β). The pradimicin gene clus ...
Nutrient Sensing through the Plasma Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells
... glucose sensors [20]. This leads to the view that glucose binding to the glucose sensors induces a change in their conformation that activates the associated YckI, which catalyses phosphorylation of Mth1 and Std1. The C-terminal, cytoplasmic tails of the glucose sensors enhance signalling, because t ...
... glucose sensors [20]. This leads to the view that glucose binding to the glucose sensors induces a change in their conformation that activates the associated YckI, which catalyses phosphorylation of Mth1 and Std1. The C-terminal, cytoplasmic tails of the glucose sensors enhance signalling, because t ...
enzymology
... need encountered by the cell. The enzymes that perform the routine general functions are not regulated by this method. This type of control in cells is exercised at the gene level. If the gene for that enzyme is activated then enzyme synthesis takes place and the process is called enzyme induction. ...
... need encountered by the cell. The enzymes that perform the routine general functions are not regulated by this method. This type of control in cells is exercised at the gene level. If the gene for that enzyme is activated then enzyme synthesis takes place and the process is called enzyme induction. ...
Neonatal Glucose Homeostasis
... ½ of normal healthy breastfed babies will have a blood glucose level< 36 in the 1st 24 hours. These same babies have higher circulating levels of ketones (Hawdon, 1992; Swenne, 1994) ...
... ½ of normal healthy breastfed babies will have a blood glucose level< 36 in the 1st 24 hours. These same babies have higher circulating levels of ketones (Hawdon, 1992; Swenne, 1994) ...
Glycolysis - Rose
... operating near V max, while glucokinase activity changes essentially linearly with changes in glucose concentration. The mechanism of hexokinase illustrates an important point about enzyme mechanisms. One potential problem with phosphorylation events, such as the hexokinase reaction, that use ATP as ...
... operating near V max, while glucokinase activity changes essentially linearly with changes in glucose concentration. The mechanism of hexokinase illustrates an important point about enzyme mechanisms. One potential problem with phosphorylation events, such as the hexokinase reaction, that use ATP as ...
Bioenergetics, glycolysis, metabolism of monosaccharides and
... Lactate formation in exercising muscle, where production of NADH exceeds the oxidative capacity of the respiratory chain causing drop intracellular pH and cramps. The liver oxidize lactate to pyruvate is either converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis or oxidized to TCA cycle. Heart oxidizes la ...
... Lactate formation in exercising muscle, where production of NADH exceeds the oxidative capacity of the respiratory chain causing drop intracellular pH and cramps. The liver oxidize lactate to pyruvate is either converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis or oxidized to TCA cycle. Heart oxidizes la ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... Always acts at nonreducing end, stops at fourth glucose from α (16) branch point The transferase transfers 3 glucose residues from a 4-residue limit branch to the end of another branch, diminishing the limit branch to a single glucose residue . The α(16) glucosidase then catalyzes hydrolysis of th ...
... Always acts at nonreducing end, stops at fourth glucose from α (16) branch point The transferase transfers 3 glucose residues from a 4-residue limit branch to the end of another branch, diminishing the limit branch to a single glucose residue . The α(16) glucosidase then catalyzes hydrolysis of th ...
Probing the Performance Limits of the Escherichia
... (Winter et al., 1989). It is the objective of this study to utilize FBA and mixed-integer programming tools to select the mathematically optimal genes for recombination into E. coli from a metabolic database encompassing many genes from multiple species. The resulting pathways need not lie directly ...
... (Winter et al., 1989). It is the objective of this study to utilize FBA and mixed-integer programming tools to select the mathematically optimal genes for recombination into E. coli from a metabolic database encompassing many genes from multiple species. The resulting pathways need not lie directly ...
Homologous Promoter Use in Genetic Modification
... The benefits of homologous promoter use were demonstrated recently in a study on the characterization of a cotton αglobulin promoter, which showed that this promoter resulted in a significantly higher level of gusA gene expression in cotton, compared to that of two other heterologous systems, Arabidop ...
... The benefits of homologous promoter use were demonstrated recently in a study on the characterization of a cotton αglobulin promoter, which showed that this promoter resulted in a significantly higher level of gusA gene expression in cotton, compared to that of two other heterologous systems, Arabidop ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Muscles lack pyruvate dehydrogenase and cannot produce ethanol from pyruvate • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transpo ...
... • Muscles lack pyruvate dehydrogenase and cannot produce ethanol from pyruvate • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transpo ...
Lactic acid bacteria as a cell factory: rerouting of carbon metabolism
... sugar and at the level of sugar transport. This phosphocarrier protein contains two residues that are target for phosphorylation. A histidine residue in the N-terminal part of the protein, that is a target for enzyme I mediated phosphorylation and the resulting HPr-(His-P) primarily plays a role in ...
... sugar and at the level of sugar transport. This phosphocarrier protein contains two residues that are target for phosphorylation. A histidine residue in the N-terminal part of the protein, that is a target for enzyme I mediated phosphorylation and the resulting HPr-(His-P) primarily plays a role in ...
Lecture 3 - Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... molecules to two molecules of pyruvic acid (C3H4O3). Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or ...
... molecules to two molecules of pyruvic acid (C3H4O3). Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or ...
Lecture 3 - Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 1 2 3 4
... molecules to two molecules of pyruvic acid (C3H4O3). Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or ...
... molecules to two molecules of pyruvic acid (C3H4O3). Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or ...
Hemoglobin
... From equations #1 & 2, the difference in structure between the oxy and deoxy Hb have the effect of altering the pKa of the two states and since the two pKa lie on either side of the physiological pH (7.4), so that the R form the conjugate base HbO2- is the most stable form whereas in the T form the ...
... From equations #1 & 2, the difference in structure between the oxy and deoxy Hb have the effect of altering the pKa of the two states and since the two pKa lie on either side of the physiological pH (7.4), so that the R form the conjugate base HbO2- is the most stable form whereas in the T form the ...
Role of glucokinase and glucose-6 phosphatase glucose production
... The liver plays a crucial role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis since it has the capacity to both produce and utilize glucose (Glc). The expression of two specific enzymes enables the liver to perform this double capacity: glucokinase (GK), responsible for the phosphorylation of Glc in posit ...
... The liver plays a crucial role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis since it has the capacity to both produce and utilize glucose (Glc). The expression of two specific enzymes enables the liver to perform this double capacity: glucokinase (GK), responsible for the phosphorylation of Glc in posit ...
Effects of oxygen on the growth and metabolism of Actinomyces
... (1) glucose ~ 2 lactic acid (2) glucose + carbon dioxide -~ formic acid + acetic acid + succinic acid (3) glucose + 2 oxygen ~ 2 acetic acid + 2 carbon dioxide + 2 water The high growth yields [6] reported for succinate-producing cells (Scheme 2; Ygl.... e = 65 g. mo1-1) strongly suggest that in A. ...
... (1) glucose ~ 2 lactic acid (2) glucose + carbon dioxide -~ formic acid + acetic acid + succinic acid (3) glucose + 2 oxygen ~ 2 acetic acid + 2 carbon dioxide + 2 water The high growth yields [6] reported for succinate-producing cells (Scheme 2; Ygl.... e = 65 g. mo1-1) strongly suggest that in A. ...
10529_2013_1416_MOESM1_ESM
... was separated in China, similar to S. avermitilis MA4680, and was developed to become an avermectins high-yield strain through mutagenesis). LB broth or LB agar supplemented with the appropriate antibiotics are used to culture Escherichia coli strains. MS agar medium and modified liquid YEME medium ...
... was separated in China, similar to S. avermitilis MA4680, and was developed to become an avermectins high-yield strain through mutagenesis). LB broth or LB agar supplemented with the appropriate antibiotics are used to culture Escherichia coli strains. MS agar medium and modified liquid YEME medium ...
... Aspartic acid: It is a strong acid because the negative charge formed on deprotonation can delocalize over the COO group. Alternative answer – it’s similar to the mainchain carboxylic acid so it’s pKa should be similar. Threonine: It is a very weak acid because the negative charge cannot delocalize. ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.