
DNA Specificity of the Bicoid Activator Protein Is Determined by
... substitution at position 9 did not activate a Bicoid site target. This mutant still activated LexA site targets. These experiments indicate that position 9 of the Bicoid recognition helix is critical for recognition of DNA. The data do not, however, distinguish between specific and nonspecific inter ...
... substitution at position 9 did not activate a Bicoid site target. This mutant still activated LexA site targets. These experiments indicate that position 9 of the Bicoid recognition helix is critical for recognition of DNA. The data do not, however, distinguish between specific and nonspecific inter ...
The Growth of Micro-organisms in Relation to their
... as the energy source was the factor limiting growth, the dry weight of organism produced was proportional to the weight of energy source added. It is of particular interest that for a given carbohydrate the three organisms produced approximately the same dry wt. yields. DeMoss, Bard & Gunsalus (1951 ...
... as the energy source was the factor limiting growth, the dry weight of organism produced was proportional to the weight of energy source added. It is of particular interest that for a given carbohydrate the three organisms produced approximately the same dry wt. yields. DeMoss, Bard & Gunsalus (1951 ...
Sulfur Metabolism in Escherichia coli and Related Bacteria: Facts
... characteristic feature, the ability to use thiosulfate in the place of H2S, leading to the production of S-sulfocysteine. The conversion of S-sulfocysteine into cysteine has not been demonstrated in E. coli, and this casts doubt on the ...
... characteristic feature, the ability to use thiosulfate in the place of H2S, leading to the production of S-sulfocysteine. The conversion of S-sulfocysteine into cysteine has not been demonstrated in E. coli, and this casts doubt on the ...
(De)regulation of key enzyme steps in the shikimate pathway and
... Prephenate dehydratase (PDT), chorismate mutase (CM) and 3-deoxy-D-arabino-7-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase are key regulatory enzymes in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in the actinomycete Amycolatopsis methanolica. Deregulated, feedback-control-resistant mutants were isolated by incuba ...
... Prephenate dehydratase (PDT), chorismate mutase (CM) and 3-deoxy-D-arabino-7-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase are key regulatory enzymes in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in the actinomycete Amycolatopsis methanolica. Deregulated, feedback-control-resistant mutants were isolated by incuba ...
The Presence and Function of Cytochromes in
... observations were made by Dirrar & Collins (1972) for Lactobacillusplantarurn. E. B. Collins suggested that L. plantarurn has difficulty synthesizing galactosamine from glucose. All strains of S. ruminantium formed lactate as the main fermentation product from lactose. Small and variable amounts of ...
... observations were made by Dirrar & Collins (1972) for Lactobacillusplantarurn. E. B. Collins suggested that L. plantarurn has difficulty synthesizing galactosamine from glucose. All strains of S. ruminantium formed lactate as the main fermentation product from lactose. Small and variable amounts of ...
Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition
... Secondary Structure Shifts • Small RNAs with proteins can affect mRNA 2° structure to control translation initiation • Riboswitches can be used to control translation initiation via mRNA 2° structure – 5’-untranslated region of E. coli thiM mRNA contain a riboswitch – This includes an aptamer that b ...
... Secondary Structure Shifts • Small RNAs with proteins can affect mRNA 2° structure to control translation initiation • Riboswitches can be used to control translation initiation via mRNA 2° structure – 5’-untranslated region of E. coli thiM mRNA contain a riboswitch – This includes an aptamer that b ...
Bacterial and Firefly Luciferase Genes in Transgenic Plants
... LUCIFERASE REPORTER GENES It has been realized early that a number of sensitive assays, such as determination of the concentration of O,, anaesthetics, antibiotics, mutagens, etc., can be carried out in vivo by expression of luciferases in living cells [Hastings and Nealson, 19771. Cloning of lucife ...
... LUCIFERASE REPORTER GENES It has been realized early that a number of sensitive assays, such as determination of the concentration of O,, anaesthetics, antibiotics, mutagens, etc., can be carried out in vivo by expression of luciferases in living cells [Hastings and Nealson, 19771. Cloning of lucife ...
+ 2
... In eukaryotic cells the remainder of respiration takes place in mitochondria. Cytoplasmic matrix ...
... In eukaryotic cells the remainder of respiration takes place in mitochondria. Cytoplasmic matrix ...
... exposed. (1 1/2 pts) Electrostatic interactions, which have little effect on protein stability, have a large effect on the stability of dsDNA due to charge repulsion between the phosphate groups on each strand. This destabilizes dsDNA. (2 pts) The addition of NaCl, reduces the charge repulsion, so i ...
Microdiesel: Escherichia coli engineered for fuel
... cerevisiae (Kalscheuer et al., 2004). Although only trace amounts were produced, recombinant biosynthesis of FAEEs and FAIEs in yeast as well as FABEs in E. coli indicated that production of biodiesel-appropriate fatty acid monoalkyl esters might in principle be feasible by using recombinant WS/DGAT ...
... cerevisiae (Kalscheuer et al., 2004). Although only trace amounts were produced, recombinant biosynthesis of FAEEs and FAIEs in yeast as well as FABEs in E. coli indicated that production of biodiesel-appropriate fatty acid monoalkyl esters might in principle be feasible by using recombinant WS/DGAT ...
Control of notochord gene expression by Brachyury
... The Ci-tune notochord CRM is controlled synergistically by Brachyury and FoxA2 ...
... The Ci-tune notochord CRM is controlled synergistically by Brachyury and FoxA2 ...
Metabolic regulation of Escherichia coli cultivated under anaerobic
... GAPDH. The high glycolytic flux of pflA and pta mutants results in a high intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio, and subsequently lactate is produced to regenerate NAD+ so that the glycolysis continues to work [18]. The lactate producing flux in the ppc mutant is lower than those of the pflA and pta mutants ...
... GAPDH. The high glycolytic flux of pflA and pta mutants results in a high intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio, and subsequently lactate is produced to regenerate NAD+ so that the glycolysis continues to work [18]. The lactate producing flux in the ppc mutant is lower than those of the pflA and pta mutants ...
Properties and sequence of the coenzyme B12
... (data not shown). A speci¢c glycerol dehydratase activity of 1.9 U mg31 was measured in cell extracts of induced E. coli K38/pGP1-2/pLM3. This is a slight (1.4-fold) increase in comparison to the activity in cell extracts of E. coli ECL707/pFL1. Since omission of orfZ as found in pLM3 (Fig. 2A) did ...
... (data not shown). A speci¢c glycerol dehydratase activity of 1.9 U mg31 was measured in cell extracts of induced E. coli K38/pGP1-2/pLM3. This is a slight (1.4-fold) increase in comparison to the activity in cell extracts of E. coli ECL707/pFL1. Since omission of orfZ as found in pLM3 (Fig. 2A) did ...
Two glucose/xylose transporter genes from the yeast Candida
... fermentation of glucose-rich hydrolysates derived from dedicated agricultural crops (e.g. corn and wheat). However, the use of hemicellulosic materials as feedstock is deemed preferable both from an environmental and from an economic point of view because hemicellulose is a major component of low-va ...
... fermentation of glucose-rich hydrolysates derived from dedicated agricultural crops (e.g. corn and wheat). However, the use of hemicellulosic materials as feedstock is deemed preferable both from an environmental and from an economic point of view because hemicellulose is a major component of low-va ...
The codon adaptation index-a measure of directional synonymous
... for locating genes in sequenced DNA, for predicting the relative level of their expression, and for detecting sequencing errors. However, the statistic is not normalized and therefore the values for two genes encoding proteins with different araino acid compositions can be quite different even if bo ...
... for locating genes in sequenced DNA, for predicting the relative level of their expression, and for detecting sequencing errors. However, the statistic is not normalized and therefore the values for two genes encoding proteins with different araino acid compositions can be quite different even if bo ...
I. Molecular mechanism for polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of
... mature SREBP-1 occurs in the golgi system, and movement of SREBP-1 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi requires the trafficking protein SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) (2, 8). Once released, mature SREBP-1 translocates to the nucleus and binds to the classic sterol response element ...
... mature SREBP-1 occurs in the golgi system, and movement of SREBP-1 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi requires the trafficking protein SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) (2, 8). Once released, mature SREBP-1 translocates to the nucleus and binds to the classic sterol response element ...
Regulation of Maltose Transport and Metabolism in Saccharomyces
... endocytosis and does not require the proteasome function (70,71). By using mutants deficient in performing protein ubiquitination, it has been proven that ubiquitin pathway is involved in degradation of maltose transporter (72,73). The catabolite inactivation of Mal61 requires two glucose-signaling ...
... endocytosis and does not require the proteasome function (70,71). By using mutants deficient in performing protein ubiquitination, it has been proven that ubiquitin pathway is involved in degradation of maltose transporter (72,73). The catabolite inactivation of Mal61 requires two glucose-signaling ...
of Lactobacillus pentosus
... cytoplasmic membrane can also take place by means of a low affinity system that utilizes the proton-motive force and is encoded by the xylE gene (Lam et al., 1980, Davis et al., 1984, Davis and Henderson, 1987). This xylE gene was not found within the cluster of xyl genes but is present on a separat ...
... cytoplasmic membrane can also take place by means of a low affinity system that utilizes the proton-motive force and is encoded by the xylE gene (Lam et al., 1980, Davis et al., 1984, Davis and Henderson, 1987). This xylE gene was not found within the cluster of xyl genes but is present on a separat ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY - Illinois State University
... Degradation of Glycogen by Glycogen Phosphorylase • Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the sequential removal of glucose residues from the ends of glycogen • Stops 4 glucose residues from an a 1-6 branch point • Resulting limit dextrin is further degraded by a glycogendebranching enzyme, producing a ...
... Degradation of Glycogen by Glycogen Phosphorylase • Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the sequential removal of glucose residues from the ends of glycogen • Stops 4 glucose residues from an a 1-6 branch point • Resulting limit dextrin is further degraded by a glycogendebranching enzyme, producing a ...
Glucose utilization by Streptomyces griseus
... principal carbohydrate with certain carbohydrates from the soybean mealsucrose, raffinose,stachyose (Street & Bailey, 1915; Sato, 1921). After sterilization some material resembling fructose is present. Cultures were harvested in triplicate at regular intervals and the residual carbohydrate determin ...
... principal carbohydrate with certain carbohydrates from the soybean mealsucrose, raffinose,stachyose (Street & Bailey, 1915; Sato, 1921). After sterilization some material resembling fructose is present. Cultures were harvested in triplicate at regular intervals and the residual carbohydrate determin ...
Growth of E. coli BL21 in minimal media with different
... cycle and glyoxylate shunt (fumA, sdhABD, and acnA). In particular, fumA, coding for fumarase, was expressed at a significantly lower level in BL21 than in JM109 when cells were grown in low glucose medium. The utilization of both fumarate and succinate but not acetate proceeds through fumA (acetate ...
... cycle and glyoxylate shunt (fumA, sdhABD, and acnA). In particular, fumA, coding for fumarase, was expressed at a significantly lower level in BL21 than in JM109 when cells were grown in low glucose medium. The utilization of both fumarate and succinate but not acetate proceeds through fumA (acetate ...
H - IS MU
... syrup and lots more. The biggest problem is that HFCS is being added to food items that don't normally have sugar and that you wouldn't even describe as sweet -- crackers, for instance. So, not only are we chugging down lots of sugars with our sodas, but your PBJ sandwich could have HFCS in each of ...
... syrup and lots more. The biggest problem is that HFCS is being added to food items that don't normally have sugar and that you wouldn't even describe as sweet -- crackers, for instance. So, not only are we chugging down lots of sugars with our sodas, but your PBJ sandwich could have HFCS in each of ...
In Memoriam: Jacques Monod (1910–1976)
... in a series of articles that have since become classic can be summed up as follows (Jacob and Monod 1961): First of all, they defined two categories of genes, structural and regulator genes. Structural genes (lacZ, Y, and A) govern the capacity to synthesize b-galactosidase, permease, and transacety ...
... in a series of articles that have since become classic can be summed up as follows (Jacob and Monod 1961): First of all, they defined two categories of genes, structural and regulator genes. Structural genes (lacZ, Y, and A) govern the capacity to synthesize b-galactosidase, permease, and transacety ...
ATP - IS MU
... Metabolism – processes at which living organism utilizes and produces energy. Roles of Metabolism • to provide energy (catabolic processes) • to synthesize molecules (anabolic processes) • both types of processes are tightly connected ...
... Metabolism – processes at which living organism utilizes and produces energy. Roles of Metabolism • to provide energy (catabolic processes) • to synthesize molecules (anabolic processes) • both types of processes are tightly connected ...
Lac operon

lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.