Introduction: Dietary carbohydrates digestion give mainly
... Pathway : There are 2 pathways for the metabolism of fructose : (i) in muscle (extrahepatic tissue) (ii) in liver. In muscle (extrahepatic tissue), hexokinase phosphorylates fructose and it enters glycolysis. But glucose inhibits the phosphorylation of fructose, since it is a better substrate for he ...
... Pathway : There are 2 pathways for the metabolism of fructose : (i) in muscle (extrahepatic tissue) (ii) in liver. In muscle (extrahepatic tissue), hexokinase phosphorylates fructose and it enters glycolysis. But glucose inhibits the phosphorylation of fructose, since it is a better substrate for he ...
UNIT 9. COMMON CATABOLIC PATHWAY. TRICARBOXYLIC ACID
... glycosidases which catalyze hydrolytic cleavage of glycosidic bonds of carbohydrates producing monosaccharides. (p.394-397, fig. 25.10, 25. II): A. In the mouth salivary α-amylase cleaves starch by breaking some α-1,4 linkages. Dextrins are the major products that enter the stomach. B. In the lumen ...
... glycosidases which catalyze hydrolytic cleavage of glycosidic bonds of carbohydrates producing monosaccharides. (p.394-397, fig. 25.10, 25. II): A. In the mouth salivary α-amylase cleaves starch by breaking some α-1,4 linkages. Dextrins are the major products that enter the stomach. B. In the lumen ...
439EnPanc13
... the ATP:ADP ratio. This rise inactivates the potassium channel that depolarizes the membrane, causing the calcium channel to open up allowing calcium ions to flow inward. The ensuing rise in levels of calcium leads to the exocytotic release of insulin from their storage granule. ...
... the ATP:ADP ratio. This rise inactivates the potassium channel that depolarizes the membrane, causing the calcium channel to open up allowing calcium ions to flow inward. The ensuing rise in levels of calcium leads to the exocytotic release of insulin from their storage granule. ...
Glycolysis
... Flux through the Glycolysis pathway is regulated by control of 3 enzymes that catalyze spontaneous reactions: Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase & Pyruvate Kinase. Local control of metabolism involves regulatory effects of varied concentrations of pathway substrates or intermediates, to benefit the ...
... Flux through the Glycolysis pathway is regulated by control of 3 enzymes that catalyze spontaneous reactions: Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase & Pyruvate Kinase. Local control of metabolism involves regulatory effects of varied concentrations of pathway substrates or intermediates, to benefit the ...
Glycolysis
... Flux through the Glycolysis pathway is regulated by control of 3 enzymes that catalyze spontaneous reactions: Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase & Pyruvate Kinase. Local control of metabolism involves regulatory effects of varied concentrations of pathway substrates or intermediates, to benefit the ...
... Flux through the Glycolysis pathway is regulated by control of 3 enzymes that catalyze spontaneous reactions: Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase & Pyruvate Kinase. Local control of metabolism involves regulatory effects of varied concentrations of pathway substrates or intermediates, to benefit the ...
In the light of the haloarchaea metabolism
... activity of halophilic GlcDH was dependent on the temperature, showing its maximum between 40 and 50 ºC. The thermophilic nature of this kind of proteins has been noted in most of the halophilic enzymes, for instance Haloarcula marismortui malate dehydrogenase. Structural studies of this enzyme have ...
... activity of halophilic GlcDH was dependent on the temperature, showing its maximum between 40 and 50 ºC. The thermophilic nature of this kind of proteins has been noted in most of the halophilic enzymes, for instance Haloarcula marismortui malate dehydrogenase. Structural studies of this enzyme have ...
Photo Album
... the OAA with acetyl CoA from a second molecule of pyruvate forms a “new” molecule of citrate, a 6-carbon compound that, after decarboxylation, can generate a “new” molecule of glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, or GABA. Pyruvate carboxylase is located in astrocytes thereby conferring this cell type wi ...
... the OAA with acetyl CoA from a second molecule of pyruvate forms a “new” molecule of citrate, a 6-carbon compound that, after decarboxylation, can generate a “new” molecule of glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, or GABA. Pyruvate carboxylase is located in astrocytes thereby conferring this cell type wi ...
Glycogen Earth organisms use three major forms of - Rose
... UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase also catalyzes a reversible reaction, the addition of UTP to the glucose-1-phosphate, with release of pyrophosphate. The reaction is driven physiologically by cleavage of pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate by pyrophosphatase. The UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase reactio ...
... UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase also catalyzes a reversible reaction, the addition of UTP to the glucose-1-phosphate, with release of pyrophosphate. The reaction is driven physiologically by cleavage of pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate by pyrophosphatase. The UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase reactio ...
Genomescale models of metabolism and gene expression extend
... demand functions derived from empirical observations determine the basic requirements for cell replication (detailed in Supplementary information). (B) Coupling constraints link gene expression to metabolism through the dependence of reaction fluxes on enzyme concentrations. (C, D) RNA:protein ratio ...
... demand functions derived from empirical observations determine the basic requirements for cell replication (detailed in Supplementary information). (B) Coupling constraints link gene expression to metabolism through the dependence of reaction fluxes on enzyme concentrations. (C, D) RNA:protein ratio ...
Hardy-Weinberg Assignment
... membrane; these protons then flow through ATP synthase which converts ADP to ATP ...
... membrane; these protons then flow through ATP synthase which converts ADP to ATP ...
Chapter 17 Lecture PowerPoint - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... Secondary Structure Shifts • Small RNAs with proteins can affect mRNA secondary structure to control translation initiation • Riboswitches can be used to control translation initiation via mRNA 2° structure – 5’-untranslated region of E. coli thiM mRNA contain a riboswitch – This includes an aptamer ...
... Secondary Structure Shifts • Small RNAs with proteins can affect mRNA secondary structure to control translation initiation • Riboswitches can be used to control translation initiation via mRNA 2° structure – 5’-untranslated region of E. coli thiM mRNA contain a riboswitch – This includes an aptamer ...
슬라이드 1
... Integration of biochemical and physiologic effects of insulin on the control of blood glucose concentrations June 1st, 2004 ...
... Integration of biochemical and physiologic effects of insulin on the control of blood glucose concentrations June 1st, 2004 ...
Enzyme
... 2.5.U4 Enzymes can be denatured • Definition: Denaturation is a structural change in a protein that results in the loss (usually permanent) of its biological properties. Enzymes are globular proteins, affected by temperature and pH. If the shape of the active site is changed considerably, the enzym ...
... 2.5.U4 Enzymes can be denatured • Definition: Denaturation is a structural change in a protein that results in the loss (usually permanent) of its biological properties. Enzymes are globular proteins, affected by temperature and pH. If the shape of the active site is changed considerably, the enzym ...
Relation between Energy Production and Growth of
... energetics of bacterial growth Gunsalus & Shuster (1961) used this constant to calculate the ATP production from previous aerobic growth experiments with E . coli (Monod, 1942). The constant was also used to calculate the ATP yield from growth experiments with Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Senez, 196 ...
... energetics of bacterial growth Gunsalus & Shuster (1961) used this constant to calculate the ATP production from previous aerobic growth experiments with E . coli (Monod, 1942). The constant was also used to calculate the ATP yield from growth experiments with Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Senez, 196 ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... A branching enzyme transfers a segment from the end of a glycogen chain to the C6 hydroxyl of a glucose residue of glycogen to yield a branch with an a(16) linkage. ...
... A branching enzyme transfers a segment from the end of a glycogen chain to the C6 hydroxyl of a glucose residue of glycogen to yield a branch with an a(16) linkage. ...
Current Microbiology
... and algae. The identification of IAA intermediates demonstrated five different pathways of IAA biosynthesis in bacteria [15]. Many reports have described the factors involved in the level of IAA biosynthesis, which are both genetic and environmental factors [15]. Related to the effects of genetic el ...
... and algae. The identification of IAA intermediates demonstrated five different pathways of IAA biosynthesis in bacteria [15]. Many reports have described the factors involved in the level of IAA biosynthesis, which are both genetic and environmental factors [15]. Related to the effects of genetic el ...
GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels
... o Need to maintain constant levels of energy in cells o Regulation UP and DOWN depends on the cell’s need for ATP and NADH o Steps 2, 4-9 have ΔG°’ values close to zero, therefore are essentially operating at equilibrium - Can go in either direction - These steps are common to the GLUCONEOGENESIS pa ...
... o Need to maintain constant levels of energy in cells o Regulation UP and DOWN depends on the cell’s need for ATP and NADH o Steps 2, 4-9 have ΔG°’ values close to zero, therefore are essentially operating at equilibrium - Can go in either direction - These steps are common to the GLUCONEOGENESIS pa ...
Relationship between codon biased genes, microarray expression
... replicate) labelled cDNA obtained from R6 grown to midexponential phase (OD620=0?25) was hybridized to the microarrays, as described in Methods, and the mean fluorescence measurements for each gene were used to estimate the relative mRNA transcript levels. Fluorescence was detected for 1513 homologu ...
... replicate) labelled cDNA obtained from R6 grown to midexponential phase (OD620=0?25) was hybridized to the microarrays, as described in Methods, and the mean fluorescence measurements for each gene were used to estimate the relative mRNA transcript levels. Fluorescence was detected for 1513 homologu ...
Characterization of the ftsYEX operon of Escherichia coli
... and his colleagues described a eukaryotic system in which a signal sequence, or "zip code", of a nascent polypeptide is recognized by a ribonucleic particle and escorted to a receptor or docking protein. The targeted protein would then be exported across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum int ...
... and his colleagues described a eukaryotic system in which a signal sequence, or "zip code", of a nascent polypeptide is recognized by a ribonucleic particle and escorted to a receptor or docking protein. The targeted protein would then be exported across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum int ...
Constitutive expression of RyhB regulates the heme biosynthesis
... pathway, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a key intermediate that determines the accumulation of heme (Fig. 1). Recently, ALA received much attention as a pharmaceutical for cancer therapy and tumour diagnosis (Bhowmick & Girotti, 2010; Mikolajewska et al., 2010; Sakamoto et al., 2010). It can also be ...
... pathway, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a key intermediate that determines the accumulation of heme (Fig. 1). Recently, ALA received much attention as a pharmaceutical for cancer therapy and tumour diagnosis (Bhowmick & Girotti, 2010; Mikolajewska et al., 2010; Sakamoto et al., 2010). It can also be ...
Molecular Genetics and Genomics
... medium at 30° C for 5 days to a density of 0.6 OD600. After removing the bacteria by centrifugation, two volumes of cold ethanol were added to the supernatant. The EPS precipitate was collected by centrifugation, lyophilized, redissolved in distilled water, and dialyzed (12 000±14 000 molecular weig ...
... medium at 30° C for 5 days to a density of 0.6 OD600. After removing the bacteria by centrifugation, two volumes of cold ethanol were added to the supernatant. The EPS precipitate was collected by centrifugation, lyophilized, redissolved in distilled water, and dialyzed (12 000±14 000 molecular weig ...
Histidine Biosynthetic Pathway and Genes: Structure
... that one of the two substrates of the transferase, PRPP, brings about a dissociation of hexamers and higher aggregates, with a resulting increase in the concentration of dimers. On the other hand, ATP counteracts PRPP in this respect. This finding is in apparent conflict with data indicating that th ...
... that one of the two substrates of the transferase, PRPP, brings about a dissociation of hexamers and higher aggregates, with a resulting increase in the concentration of dimers. On the other hand, ATP counteracts PRPP in this respect. This finding is in apparent conflict with data indicating that th ...
Gluconeogenesis
... - Gluconeogenesis dose not occur by simple reversal of glycolysis -The overall equilibrium of the glycolysis favors the formation of glycolysis - Most precursors must enter the Krebs cycle at some point to be converted to oxaloacetate. - Oxaloacetate is the starting material for gluconeogenesis ...
... - Gluconeogenesis dose not occur by simple reversal of glycolysis -The overall equilibrium of the glycolysis favors the formation of glycolysis - Most precursors must enter the Krebs cycle at some point to be converted to oxaloacetate. - Oxaloacetate is the starting material for gluconeogenesis ...
Integration of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in skeletal
... Development of the capacity for glucose utilization in muscles. of studies conducted in vitro have investigated whether glucose utilisation by cardiac and skeletal muscle changes during development. The general conclusion of such studies is that the capacity for glucose utilisation decreases with ag ...
... Development of the capacity for glucose utilization in muscles. of studies conducted in vitro have investigated whether glucose utilisation by cardiac and skeletal muscle changes during development. The general conclusion of such studies is that the capacity for glucose utilisation decreases with ag ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.