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... where TT denotes the average treatment effect on the treated observations. According to Bento et al. (2007), the matching method consists of finding a “proxy” for Y0 , since we do not observe Y0 for this treated observation (i.e., D 1 ). This “proxy” is called counterfactual outcome, e. g., the o ...
... where TT denotes the average treatment effect on the treated observations. According to Bento et al. (2007), the matching method consists of finding a “proxy” for Y0 , since we do not observe Y0 for this treated observation (i.e., D 1 ). This “proxy” is called counterfactual outcome, e. g., the o ...
Climate change scenarios for Peru and Ecuador
... HadCM2GG integrations simulated the change in forcing of the climate system by greenhouse gases since the early industrial period (taken by HadCM2 to be 1860). The addition of the negative forcing effects of sulphate aerosols represents the direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic sulphate aero ...
... HadCM2GG integrations simulated the change in forcing of the climate system by greenhouse gases since the early industrial period (taken by HadCM2 to be 1860). The addition of the negative forcing effects of sulphate aerosols represents the direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic sulphate aero ...
Please use ‘calibri’ font
... Africa and Climate Change up-to date and appropriate • key role in the global C-cycle and climate information andsystem products, • 50% of interannual variability of the global C-balance developed specifically for Africa, • > 50% of global fire emissions to better understand and predict • 1/5 of ...
... Africa and Climate Change up-to date and appropriate • key role in the global C-cycle and climate information andsystem products, • 50% of interannual variability of the global C-balance developed specifically for Africa, • > 50% of global fire emissions to better understand and predict • 1/5 of ...
06SORCE - Academic Program Pages at Evergreen
... major role in the cycling of gases that affect climate. Finally, we will discuss contemporary global warming, examining the contribution of human activities and fluctuations in solar output. We will critique proposed schemes to engineer solutions to global warming such as the sequestration of anthro ...
... major role in the cycling of gases that affect climate. Finally, we will discuss contemporary global warming, examining the contribution of human activities and fluctuations in solar output. We will critique proposed schemes to engineer solutions to global warming such as the sequestration of anthro ...
45:211: Environmental Geography
... absorb IR radiation very efficiently. – As a result of human activities, the concentrations of GHGs is increasing. – This will lead to a warmer Earth, the amount depending on other climate effects. 45:211: Environmental Geography ...
... absorb IR radiation very efficiently. – As a result of human activities, the concentrations of GHGs is increasing. – This will lead to a warmer Earth, the amount depending on other climate effects. 45:211: Environmental Geography ...
emission of greenhouse gases from anaerobic digestion
... infrared radiation from the Earth (the "greenhouse effect"). Water vapor and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere produce a natural greenhouse effect, without which the Earth's surface would be about 33º C colder than it currently is (IPCC, 1990). Other important greenhouse gases (GHG) are methane ...
... infrared radiation from the Earth (the "greenhouse effect"). Water vapor and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere produce a natural greenhouse effect, without which the Earth's surface would be about 33º C colder than it currently is (IPCC, 1990). Other important greenhouse gases (GHG) are methane ...
FP7 Starting Independent Researcher Grant: Ideas and dates
... interference with the climate system’ (UN, 1995, p.5). Following Article 2, a central pillar of any viable global climate architecture is that it specifies and enforces a significant regime of climate change mitigation. Perhaps the most common way to interpret Article 2 is in terms of the aggregate ...
... interference with the climate system’ (UN, 1995, p.5). Following Article 2, a central pillar of any viable global climate architecture is that it specifies and enforces a significant regime of climate change mitigation. Perhaps the most common way to interpret Article 2 is in terms of the aggregate ...
Kennesaw State University High School Model United Nations
... extreme change: ice age, stone age, etc. The main reason for the current concern about climate change is the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, along with many other greenhouses gases, ...
... extreme change: ice age, stone age, etc. The main reason for the current concern about climate change is the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, along with many other greenhouses gases, ...
Methane Bubbles – what they can tell us about the impacts of global
... The arctic regions are expected to suffer the brunt of any temperature increases associated with global warming. A major change concomitant with warming is the release of carbon in the form of methane through the thawing of ice. The thawing of permafrost (soil that is at or below the freezing point ...
... The arctic regions are expected to suffer the brunt of any temperature increases associated with global warming. A major change concomitant with warming is the release of carbon in the form of methane through the thawing of ice. The thawing of permafrost (soil that is at or below the freezing point ...
... Where V is vulnerability, I is potential impact, and AdC is adaptive capacity As agriculture/forestry remains the most important employer of labour and the sustenance for the majority of Nigerians, we limited our assessment of vulnerability here to issues relating to it. The sector is pertinent beca ...
climate change and indigenous people
... with traditional ecological knowledge have developed numerous ways to deal with unseasonal floods which are one of the many effects of climate change, often caused by erratic and unpredictable rainfall. Adaptive or preventive measures arising from years of tried and tested techniques include riverba ...
... with traditional ecological knowledge have developed numerous ways to deal with unseasonal floods which are one of the many effects of climate change, often caused by erratic and unpredictable rainfall. Adaptive or preventive measures arising from years of tried and tested techniques include riverba ...
www.ssoar.info Politics, geological past, and the future of earth
... past took on a new quality: it started to make sense. Going beyond merely ordering past events on a timeline and establishing chronologies, researchers started to interpret these events, to write a history of the deep past. The deep past was no longer a largely unexplored area of cosmic dimensions, ...
... past took on a new quality: it started to make sense. Going beyond merely ordering past events on a timeline and establishing chronologies, researchers started to interpret these events, to write a history of the deep past. The deep past was no longer a largely unexplored area of cosmic dimensions, ...
Climate Change and Fairtrade: Why Is It Time to Make the Links?
... It is also important to address certain misconceptions raised in relation to Fairtrade products and food miles.26 First of all, consumers should take into account that in most instances, Fairtrade products do not compete with local products as they are often different, given that they are grown in w ...
... It is also important to address certain misconceptions raised in relation to Fairtrade products and food miles.26 First of all, consumers should take into account that in most instances, Fairtrade products do not compete with local products as they are often different, given that they are grown in w ...
Highlights Brochure - Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
... Although it will be very difficult to limit near-term consequences resulting from past emissions, many longer-term impacts could be reduced significantly by reducing global emissions over the course of this century. ...
... Although it will be very difficult to limit near-term consequences resulting from past emissions, many longer-term impacts could be reduced significantly by reducing global emissions over the course of this century. ...
Climate change scenario for Costa Rican montane forests
... cooling and no change in the moisture content of the air as it’s been uplifted. However, this exercise illustrates the fact that while atmospheric moisture content might increase (and does increase in the model) as a result of intensified hydrological cycle in future, rising temperatures might drive ...
... cooling and no change in the moisture content of the air as it’s been uplifted. However, this exercise illustrates the fact that while atmospheric moisture content might increase (and does increase in the model) as a result of intensified hydrological cycle in future, rising temperatures might drive ...
Monmouth University Poll
... West Long Branch, NJ - In December, nearly 200 nations meeting at the COP21 climate change conference in Paris agreed to take action on reducing greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to increased global temperatures and rising sea levels. The independent Monmouth University Poll finds that a larg ...
... West Long Branch, NJ - In December, nearly 200 nations meeting at the COP21 climate change conference in Paris agreed to take action on reducing greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to increased global temperatures and rising sea levels. The independent Monmouth University Poll finds that a larg ...
Global systems
... Are you involved in causing the sixth mass extinction? It has been suggested that humans have unleashed the sixth mass extinction in Earth’s history. Human activities such as destroying habitats, overhunting, overfishing, introducing species, spreading diseases and burning fossil fuels are thought t ...
... Are you involved in causing the sixth mass extinction? It has been suggested that humans have unleashed the sixth mass extinction in Earth’s history. Human activities such as destroying habitats, overhunting, overfishing, introducing species, spreading diseases and burning fossil fuels are thought t ...
Scaling
... b. Arrhenius equation quantifies the relationship between activation energy, temperature and reaction rate. c. Arrhenius plot shows relationship between temp and reaction rate. 4. Arrhenius also one of the first to quantify impact of greenhouse gases a. Calculated that if CO2 ↑ 3 times then temp ↑ 8 ...
... b. Arrhenius equation quantifies the relationship between activation energy, temperature and reaction rate. c. Arrhenius plot shows relationship between temp and reaction rate. 4. Arrhenius also one of the first to quantify impact of greenhouse gases a. Calculated that if CO2 ↑ 3 times then temp ↑ 8 ...
Implications for Australia of a 1.5°C future
... to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”. Yet countries’ near-term commitments under the Paris Agreement fall far short of the effort needed to achieve the stated goals. If we want to be reasonably con ...
... to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”. Yet countries’ near-term commitments under the Paris Agreement fall far short of the effort needed to achieve the stated goals. If we want to be reasonably con ...
Aug 14, 2010 - Science and Environmental Policy Project
... presumed trajectory of the global climate within which it is embedded. Yet the Report goes on to describe six such extreme events that occurred in the "particular year" of 2009, which would have to have been done for no other reason than to imply that these weather extremes were caused by global wa ...
... presumed trajectory of the global climate within which it is embedded. Yet the Report goes on to describe six such extreme events that occurred in the "particular year" of 2009, which would have to have been done for no other reason than to imply that these weather extremes were caused by global wa ...
JAXA Update
... Goal of GCOM long term monitoring and climate change models For the elucidation of mechanism of Radiation Budget, Carbon Cycle, Water/Energy Cycle, Long Term Observations are necessary. By the cooperation with model developing organizations, contributions to the improvement of accuracy of predictio ...
... Goal of GCOM long term monitoring and climate change models For the elucidation of mechanism of Radiation Budget, Carbon Cycle, Water/Energy Cycle, Long Term Observations are necessary. By the cooperation with model developing organizations, contributions to the improvement of accuracy of predictio ...
From the Washington Post, 10-12-09
... pipeline for carbon dioxide that will run from Louisiana to Houston. Initially the pipeline will take natural underground deposits of carbon dioxide in Mississippi to the aging oil fields of east Texas, where it can be used to force more oil to the surface. But as the pipeline threads its way throug ...
... pipeline for carbon dioxide that will run from Louisiana to Houston. Initially the pipeline will take natural underground deposits of carbon dioxide in Mississippi to the aging oil fields of east Texas, where it can be used to force more oil to the surface. But as the pipeline threads its way throug ...
The objective of this volunteer assignment is to introduce and train
... (80% contribution from subsistence small holder farmers) being worst hit. It’s important to note that man has been the biggest contributor -to climate change with immediate impacts being felt in the agricultural sector. Some of these human activities include: the industrial sector, burning fossil fu ...
... (80% contribution from subsistence small holder farmers) being worst hit. It’s important to note that man has been the biggest contributor -to climate change with immediate impacts being felt in the agricultural sector. Some of these human activities include: the industrial sector, burning fossil fu ...
- UNDP-ALM
... components, including the dynamics and composition of the atmosphere, the ocean, the ice and snow cover, the land surface and its features, the many mutual interactions between them, and the large variety of physical, chemical and biological processes taking place in and among these components. ...
... components, including the dynamics and composition of the atmosphere, the ocean, the ice and snow cover, the land surface and its features, the many mutual interactions between them, and the large variety of physical, chemical and biological processes taking place in and among these components. ...
Smith-SDC-Edinburgh-October-2008-final
... • Adaptation will be necessary to address impacts resulting from the warming which is already unavoidable due to past emissions. • A wide array of adaptation options is available, but more extensive adaptation than is currently occurring is required to reduce vulnerability to future climate change. ...
... • Adaptation will be necessary to address impacts resulting from the warming which is already unavoidable due to past emissions. • A wide array of adaptation options is available, but more extensive adaptation than is currently occurring is required to reduce vulnerability to future climate change. ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).