Burden Sharing and Fairness Principles in International
... system due to increasing emissions of greenhouse gases from anthropogenic sources to the Earth’s atmosphere. These on-going global negotiations are aimed at providing an international public or collective good namely protection of the global climate system by means of voluntary international coopera ...
... system due to increasing emissions of greenhouse gases from anthropogenic sources to the Earth’s atmosphere. These on-going global negotiations are aimed at providing an international public or collective good namely protection of the global climate system by means of voluntary international coopera ...
Trees and Climate Change
... inevitable due to past emissions. • We can expect a further rise in temperature of 2°C (above the 1961 to 1990 baseline) by 2100 even if we decrease our carbon dioxide emissions dramatically. • If no action is taken now, the rise in temperature could be as high as 7°C by 2100. • The growing season h ...
... inevitable due to past emissions. • We can expect a further rise in temperature of 2°C (above the 1961 to 1990 baseline) by 2100 even if we decrease our carbon dioxide emissions dramatically. • If no action is taken now, the rise in temperature could be as high as 7°C by 2100. • The growing season h ...
Economic implications of projected changes to tuna
... production and livelihoods from freshwater aquaculture will stay on track, despite climate change. • Freshwater aquaculture for food security and livelihoods will itself be an adaptation to the effects of climate change on coastal fisheries • Freshwater aquaculture in the SW Pacific will generally b ...
... production and livelihoods from freshwater aquaculture will stay on track, despite climate change. • Freshwater aquaculture for food security and livelihoods will itself be an adaptation to the effects of climate change on coastal fisheries • Freshwater aquaculture in the SW Pacific will generally b ...
Pollution of Lakes and Rivers Chapter 15
... 1 DU is the number of molecules of O3 required to create a layer of O3 0.01 mm (0.001 cm) thick at 0 °C and 1 atm A column of air with an O3 concentration of 1 DU would contain about 2.69 x 1016 O3 molecules cm-2 at the base of the column Over the Earth’s surface, the O3 layer’s average thickness is ...
... 1 DU is the number of molecules of O3 required to create a layer of O3 0.01 mm (0.001 cm) thick at 0 °C and 1 atm A column of air with an O3 concentration of 1 DU would contain about 2.69 x 1016 O3 molecules cm-2 at the base of the column Over the Earth’s surface, the O3 layer’s average thickness is ...
HFA 2 Priorities from Nepal National and local governments, NGOs
... At the national level, climate and disaster risk issues yet to be prioritized by key decisions makers, particularly from national political parties. The focus has only slowly been moving from response to comprehensive risk reduction, mitigation and preparedness. In addition, individual ministries, d ...
... At the national level, climate and disaster risk issues yet to be prioritized by key decisions makers, particularly from national political parties. The focus has only slowly been moving from response to comprehensive risk reduction, mitigation and preparedness. In addition, individual ministries, d ...
Geophysics 4th year Booklet 2013-14 - of /~pgres
... All projects involve original research and results are therefore unpredictable to a greater or lesser extent. You will not be unfairly penalised if the project fails to generate the anticipated result or even any result at all, but it is essential to keep in frequent touch with your supervisor so th ...
... All projects involve original research and results are therefore unpredictable to a greater or lesser extent. You will not be unfairly penalised if the project fails to generate the anticipated result or even any result at all, but it is essential to keep in frequent touch with your supervisor so th ...
Local Strategies for Addressing Climate Change Vol 2
... into two parts—with eight social science leaders. Each podcast typically lasts about 20 minutes, and transcripts of the broadcasts are provided. ...
... into two parts—with eight social science leaders. Each podcast typically lasts about 20 minutes, and transcripts of the broadcasts are provided. ...
Antarctic climate change and the environment: an update
... years calculated from sediment and ice cores show that the cycles were paced by variations in the Earth’s tilt, and its orbit around the Sun. These changes in incoming solar energy initiated feedback loops whereby small changes in temperature brought about larger changes in global atmospheric CO2 an ...
... years calculated from sediment and ice cores show that the cycles were paced by variations in the Earth’s tilt, and its orbit around the Sun. These changes in incoming solar energy initiated feedback loops whereby small changes in temperature brought about larger changes in global atmospheric CO2 an ...
G8 Climate Governance, 1975-2008
... observe. None offer a parsimonious, logically coherent cluster of causes that drive the observed effects. Some scholars, such as Aldy and Stavins, and Goldemburg offer no causal claims at all. Many of those scholars who do so, such as Bayne, Aguilar, and Bell, only cite one cause. In an issue area a ...
... observe. None offer a parsimonious, logically coherent cluster of causes that drive the observed effects. Some scholars, such as Aldy and Stavins, and Goldemburg offer no causal claims at all. Many of those scholars who do so, such as Bayne, Aguilar, and Bell, only cite one cause. In an issue area a ...
Climate Change
... change; aerosols such as black carbon and land use changes such as deforestation and agriculture also cause global warming.2 The definition of climate change is still under debate, concerning primarily whether it is due to climate variability (natural processes) or anthropogenic actions (human induc ...
... change; aerosols such as black carbon and land use changes such as deforestation and agriculture also cause global warming.2 The definition of climate change is still under debate, concerning primarily whether it is due to climate variability (natural processes) or anthropogenic actions (human induc ...
Climate Change, Agriculture and Aid for Trade
... countries with a large rural economy depend on agricultural exports for their fiscal and socio‐ political stability (Christoplos, 2009); climate change could potentially jeopardise agricultural export earnings unless alternatives can be sought or climate proof inves ...
... countries with a large rural economy depend on agricultural exports for their fiscal and socio‐ political stability (Christoplos, 2009); climate change could potentially jeopardise agricultural export earnings unless alternatives can be sought or climate proof inves ...
2. Taking stock of the recommendations of the 2005 Communication
... Lisbon Strategy in promoting economic growth, whilst at the same time ensuring social progress and environmental sustainability. For the theme 'Sustainable development, global change and ecosystems' (including research in the area of energy and transport), some € 300m were spent in FP6 while the FP7 ...
... Lisbon Strategy in promoting economic growth, whilst at the same time ensuring social progress and environmental sustainability. For the theme 'Sustainable development, global change and ecosystems' (including research in the area of energy and transport), some € 300m were spent in FP6 while the FP7 ...
France - Met Office
... The assessment of impacts at the national level, both for the AVOID programme results and the cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particu ...
... The assessment of impacts at the national level, both for the AVOID programme results and the cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particu ...
The effects of climate changes on aquifer storage
... were based on calibrations with observed river flow data for the Lambourn and Teme catchments. Any rainfall beyond that needed to replenish soil moisture deficits is assumed either to recharge the underlying aquifer or to generate surface flow, and it is further assumed for the current study that th ...
... were based on calibrations with observed river flow data for the Lambourn and Teme catchments. Any rainfall beyond that needed to replenish soil moisture deficits is assumed either to recharge the underlying aquifer or to generate surface flow, and it is further assumed for the current study that th ...
Adapting To Climate Change In Pacific Island Countries: The
... Historically there have been competing definitions of vulnerability, and competing approaches to vulnerability assessment. In the field of hazards research this has tended to impede the realisation of a common language of vulnerability, and subsequently a common methodological approach to vulnerabil ...
... Historically there have been competing definitions of vulnerability, and competing approaches to vulnerability assessment. In the field of hazards research this has tended to impede the realisation of a common language of vulnerability, and subsequently a common methodological approach to vulnerabil ...
impact of climate change to small scale farmers
... highly vulnerable to climate change due to ‘social, economic and political constraints that determine the capacity of human systems to cope with external stressors such as climate change’. This is supported by Washington et al., (2006:1355) indicating that poverty and underdevelopment in sub-Saharan ...
... highly vulnerable to climate change due to ‘social, economic and political constraints that determine the capacity of human systems to cope with external stressors such as climate change’. This is supported by Washington et al., (2006:1355) indicating that poverty and underdevelopment in sub-Saharan ...
Net carbon uptake has increased through warming-induced changes in temperate forest phenology LETTERS
... techniques, and the MODIS land cover dynamics product20 , with two decades of ground observations of individual tree phenology, and measurements of CO2 exchange between forests and the atmosphere at seven long-term research sites. Across all scales (organism, ecosystem, landscape) we detect a consis ...
... techniques, and the MODIS land cover dynamics product20 , with two decades of ground observations of individual tree phenology, and measurements of CO2 exchange between forests and the atmosphere at seven long-term research sites. Across all scales (organism, ecosystem, landscape) we detect a consis ...
Climate change and challenges for conservation
... move across the landscape 2,3,7. Extraction of timber, meat, fish and other products has led to substantial declines and, in some cases, collapses of target populations 43,44. Approximately 40% of invertebrate species that have been assessed are estimated to be threatened or endangered. Populations ...
... move across the landscape 2,3,7. Extraction of timber, meat, fish and other products has led to substantial declines and, in some cases, collapses of target populations 43,44. Approximately 40% of invertebrate species that have been assessed are estimated to be threatened or endangered. Populations ...
Paper on Enforcement with regard to the Adaptation to Climate
... 49. A national communication shall include information on the expected impacts of climate change and an outline of the action taken to implement Article 4.1(b) and (e) with regard to adaptation. Parties are encouraged to use the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Technical Guidelines f ...
... 49. A national communication shall include information on the expected impacts of climate change and an outline of the action taken to implement Article 4.1(b) and (e) with regard to adaptation. Parties are encouraged to use the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Technical Guidelines f ...
Australia`s Energy Sector – Drivers for Change
... about 711,000 Australian household addresses will be threatened, which are located within 3 km of the coast and less than 6 m above sea level.21 7. When assessing risk, one key factor to take into account, when determining the potential magnitude of the damage is whether or not insurance is availabl ...
... about 711,000 Australian household addresses will be threatened, which are located within 3 km of the coast and less than 6 m above sea level.21 7. When assessing risk, one key factor to take into account, when determining the potential magnitude of the damage is whether or not insurance is availabl ...
Protection of the atmosphere
... international community’s present-day needs. It is acknowledged that both the human and natural environments can be adversely affected by certain changes in the condition of the atmosphere mainly caused by the introduction of harmful substances, causing transboundary air pollution, ozone depletion, ...
... international community’s present-day needs. It is acknowledged that both the human and natural environments can be adversely affected by certain changes in the condition of the atmosphere mainly caused by the introduction of harmful substances, causing transboundary air pollution, ozone depletion, ...
Development, trade and carbon reduction
... Deforestation and degradation (DD) constitute 12 to 17% of global greenhouse gas emissions, with most arising from the exploitation of tropical forest resources in developing countries (van der Werf et al., 2009; IPCC, 2007). This has led to increasing interest in developing mechanisms to ‘reduce em ...
... Deforestation and degradation (DD) constitute 12 to 17% of global greenhouse gas emissions, with most arising from the exploitation of tropical forest resources in developing countries (van der Werf et al., 2009; IPCC, 2007). This has led to increasing interest in developing mechanisms to ‘reduce em ...
A Preliminary Assessment of Ecosystem Vulnerability to Climate
... Human-induced climate change has morphed from hypothesis to reality during the last decade. Global temperature averages are on the rise: of the twelve warmest years since 1850, eleven of them were between 1995 and 2006, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has very high confidence this ...
... Human-induced climate change has morphed from hypothesis to reality during the last decade. Global temperature averages are on the rise: of the twelve warmest years since 1850, eleven of them were between 1995 and 2006, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has very high confidence this ...
Uncertainty in climate change projections: the role of internal
... external forcing yields a more robust estimate of the forced climate signal than the response of any single model due to the reduction in uncertainty associated with model and internal variability (e.g., Tebaldi and Knutti 2007). However, this assumption has been difficult to verify in part due to t ...
... external forcing yields a more robust estimate of the forced climate signal than the response of any single model due to the reduction in uncertainty associated with model and internal variability (e.g., Tebaldi and Knutti 2007). However, this assumption has been difficult to verify in part due to t ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).