Energy, enzymes and metabolism
... within a cell • Organized into distinct pathways • Pathway - a series of sequential reactions, each catalyzed by a different enzyme, that consists of one or more intermediates and an end-product • Pathways interconnect by sharing a substrate, endproduct or intermediate (e.g. E. coli pathways) • Cata ...
... within a cell • Organized into distinct pathways • Pathway - a series of sequential reactions, each catalyzed by a different enzyme, that consists of one or more intermediates and an end-product • Pathways interconnect by sharing a substrate, endproduct or intermediate (e.g. E. coli pathways) • Cata ...
6-Respiratory-chain
... 2. The electrons obtained with the hydrogen are passed down a cascade of carrier molecules located in complexes I–IV, then transferred to O2 3. Powered by electron transport, complexes I, III, and IV expel protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane 4. The expelled protons reenter the mitochondr ...
... 2. The electrons obtained with the hydrogen are passed down a cascade of carrier molecules located in complexes I–IV, then transferred to O2 3. Powered by electron transport, complexes I, III, and IV expel protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane 4. The expelled protons reenter the mitochondr ...
Old Exam 1 Questions KEY
... channel by osmosis, and the energy in this water flow is used to power ATP synthesis. c. H+ movement down a concentration gradient from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase results in ATP synthesis d. All these statements describe parts of the chemiosmotic mecha ...
... channel by osmosis, and the energy in this water flow is used to power ATP synthesis. c. H+ movement down a concentration gradient from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase results in ATP synthesis d. All these statements describe parts of the chemiosmotic mecha ...
BCHM 562, Biochemistry II
... oxidoreductases such as NADH dehydrogenase. 4. During catalytic cycle, the reversible interconversion of oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH•) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs. 5. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD+ and is particularly useful because it can take ...
... oxidoreductases such as NADH dehydrogenase. 4. During catalytic cycle, the reversible interconversion of oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH•) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs. 5. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD+ and is particularly useful because it can take ...
February 5 AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science
... formation of ATP, NADPH, and O2 How chemiosmosis generates ATP in the light reactions How the Calvin cycle uses the energy molecules of the light reactions to produce G3P The metabolic adaptations of C4 and CAM plants to arid, dry ...
... formation of ATP, NADPH, and O2 How chemiosmosis generates ATP in the light reactions How the Calvin cycle uses the energy molecules of the light reactions to produce G3P The metabolic adaptations of C4 and CAM plants to arid, dry ...
Respiration 1 PDF
... pathways that breakdown glucose • Glycolysis → pyruvate + coenzymes + ATP • CAC Æ coenzymes + ATP • ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation (fig 9.7) = enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic substrate to ADP to make ATP • Oxidative Phosphorylation = ATP synthesis powered by ETC. Ma ...
... pathways that breakdown glucose • Glycolysis → pyruvate + coenzymes + ATP • CAC Æ coenzymes + ATP • ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation (fig 9.7) = enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic substrate to ADP to make ATP • Oxidative Phosphorylation = ATP synthesis powered by ETC. Ma ...
PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... rejected • Won Nobel Prize in 1953 in medicine & physiology ...
... rejected • Won Nobel Prize in 1953 in medicine & physiology ...
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Living
... -Cellular respiration does not oxidize glucose in a single explosive step that transfers all the H from the fuel to the oxygen at one time -Broken down gradually in a series of steps -Each one catalyzed by an enzyme -At key steps H is stripped from glucose, but not transferred directly to O2 ...
... -Cellular respiration does not oxidize glucose in a single explosive step that transfers all the H from the fuel to the oxygen at one time -Broken down gradually in a series of steps -Each one catalyzed by an enzyme -At key steps H is stripped from glucose, but not transferred directly to O2 ...
Study guide for Midterm 3.
... 6. After few days of starvation the concentration of glucose in blood decreases and the concentration of ketone bodies increase. Are these two phenomena connected? Why? ...
... 6. After few days of starvation the concentration of glucose in blood decreases and the concentration of ketone bodies increase. Are these two phenomena connected? Why? ...
notes - is234
... Molecules that absorb light are called Pigments . The major lightabsorbing pigment in the plants is Chlorophyll which is found in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Chlorophyll molecules are contained within disk-like structures called Thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is called a Granum. The region o ...
... Molecules that absorb light are called Pigments . The major lightabsorbing pigment in the plants is Chlorophyll which is found in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Chlorophyll molecules are contained within disk-like structures called Thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is called a Granum. The region o ...
2421_Ch2.ppt
... Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe, I: make up most of remainder Trace elements: required by an organism in extremely minute quantities e.g.. B,, Mn, Zn and others C HOPKINS CaFe ...
... Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe, I: make up most of remainder Trace elements: required by an organism in extremely minute quantities e.g.. B,, Mn, Zn and others C HOPKINS CaFe ...
Chapter 2 - SCHOOLinSITES
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ...
Chapter 12 (part 1) - University of Nevada, Reno
... • Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + Q + GDP + Pi +2 H20 HS-CoA + 3NADH + QH2 + GTP + 2 CO2 + 2 H+ ...
... • Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + Q + GDP + Pi +2 H20 HS-CoA + 3NADH + QH2 + GTP + 2 CO2 + 2 H+ ...
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical
... respiration oxidizes a molecule of glucose to six CO2 molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Many more ATP molecules are generated by oxidative phosphorylation. Each NADH from the citric acid cycle and the conv ...
... respiration oxidizes a molecule of glucose to six CO2 molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Many more ATP molecules are generated by oxidative phosphorylation. Each NADH from the citric acid cycle and the conv ...
Biology
... 6. What are the four chemicals that are exchanged over and over again in the cycles of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Draw a diagram that summarizes the relationship between the two processes and label it with these four chemicals, in addition to the light energy required and the chemical ...
... 6. What are the four chemicals that are exchanged over and over again in the cycles of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Draw a diagram that summarizes the relationship between the two processes and label it with these four chemicals, in addition to the light energy required and the chemical ...
Review Questions for Respiration
... Synthesis of 32 ATP per glucose using energy from proton gradient E Takes place in the cytoplasm A, F, G Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrionB, Takes place in the cristae of the mitochondrionD Uses cytochromes D Is used to raise bread F Is used to make cheese G NAD+ is reduced A, B, C FAD ...
... Synthesis of 32 ATP per glucose using energy from proton gradient E Takes place in the cytoplasm A, F, G Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrionB, Takes place in the cristae of the mitochondrionD Uses cytochromes D Is used to raise bread F Is used to make cheese G NAD+ is reduced A, B, C FAD ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Energy
... Activated electrons are passed from one molecule to another along the thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. The energy from electrons is used to for a proton gradient. As protons move down the gradient, a phosphate is added to ADP, forming ATP ...
... Activated electrons are passed from one molecule to another along the thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. The energy from electrons is used to for a proton gradient. As protons move down the gradient, a phosphate is added to ADP, forming ATP ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Energy
... Activated electrons are passed from one molecule to another along the thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. The energy from electrons is used to for a proton gradient. As protons move down the gradient, a phosphate is added to ADP, forming ATP ...
... Activated electrons are passed from one molecule to another along the thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. The energy from electrons is used to for a proton gradient. As protons move down the gradient, a phosphate is added to ADP, forming ATP ...
Ch 9 Kreb Cycle and ETC
... u if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria u enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation of sugar to CO2 u ...
... u if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria u enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation of sugar to CO2 u ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL
... 1. A carboxyl group is removed as CO2. 2. The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized to form acetate. An enzyme transfers the pair of electrons to NAD+ to form NADH. 3. Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form the very reactive molecule acetyl CoA. ...
... 1. A carboxyl group is removed as CO2. 2. The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized to form acetate. An enzyme transfers the pair of electrons to NAD+ to form NADH. 3. Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form the very reactive molecule acetyl CoA. ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.