Electron Transport Chains of Lactic Acid Bacteria
... proton motive force (PMF). This is in contrast to fermentation, defined as the oxidation of organic compounds using endogenous electron acceptors that are usually catabolic intermediates of the same organic compounds. LAB as a group are generally considered non-respiring and obligate fermentors. Fer ...
... proton motive force (PMF). This is in contrast to fermentation, defined as the oxidation of organic compounds using endogenous electron acceptors that are usually catabolic intermediates of the same organic compounds. LAB as a group are generally considered non-respiring and obligate fermentors. Fer ...
ribosomal defects in a mutant deficient in the yajl homolog of the
... ± 0.09 mM and 0.21 ± 0.04 mM, respectively, in the parental strain (Figure 1C). Because the mutant displayed higher ADP/ATP and AMP/ATP ratios than the parental strain, its adenylate energy charge (0.58) was lower than that of the parental strain (0.78). This low adenylate energy charge likely favou ...
... ± 0.09 mM and 0.21 ± 0.04 mM, respectively, in the parental strain (Figure 1C). Because the mutant displayed higher ADP/ATP and AMP/ATP ratios than the parental strain, its adenylate energy charge (0.58) was lower than that of the parental strain (0.78). This low adenylate energy charge likely favou ...
Transport of dicarboxylates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... the L-malate concentration in the culture medium was increased by 21.6 ± 7.6 µM after 12 h of the cell growth. After 1.4 h the cell isolation, succinate activated the respiration only by 13%. However, with the increase in the L-malate level in the cells and decrease in the oxaloacetate concentration ...
... the L-malate concentration in the culture medium was increased by 21.6 ± 7.6 µM after 12 h of the cell growth. After 1.4 h the cell isolation, succinate activated the respiration only by 13%. However, with the increase in the L-malate level in the cells and decrease in the oxaloacetate concentration ...
the molecular mechanism of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde
... Zaffagnini M, Sparla F, Pupillo P and Trost P Department of Biology – Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology – University of Bologna Photosynthetic GAPDH subunits (GapA and GapB) give rise in chloroplasts of higher plants to two different isoforms with either A4 or AnBn stochiometry, the latter be ...
... Zaffagnini M, Sparla F, Pupillo P and Trost P Department of Biology – Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology – University of Bologna Photosynthetic GAPDH subunits (GapA and GapB) give rise in chloroplasts of higher plants to two different isoforms with either A4 or AnBn stochiometry, the latter be ...
NUCLEOTIDE metabolism class of 2016
... Progression of Hyperuricemia to Gout Stage 1: Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. At a serum urate concentration greater than 6.8 mg/dL, urate crystals may start to deposit in the joints. No evidence that treatment is required. Stages 2 : Acute gout. If sufficient urate deposits develop around joints, and ...
... Progression of Hyperuricemia to Gout Stage 1: Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. At a serum urate concentration greater than 6.8 mg/dL, urate crystals may start to deposit in the joints. No evidence that treatment is required. Stages 2 : Acute gout. If sufficient urate deposits develop around joints, and ...
Glycolysis
... converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. • The free energyreleased in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP & NADH. • Glycolysis is a definite sequence of ten reactions involving ten intermediate compounds. • The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. ...
... converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. • The free energyreleased in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP & NADH. • Glycolysis is a definite sequence of ten reactions involving ten intermediate compounds. • The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. ...
Cell Energy - Kuliah FTSL
... • Cells require a constant source of energy for life processes but keep only a small amount of ATP on hand. Cells can regenerate ATP as needed by using the energy stored in foods like glucose. • The energy stored in glucose by photosynthesis is released by cellular respiration and repackaged into t ...
... • Cells require a constant source of energy for life processes but keep only a small amount of ATP on hand. Cells can regenerate ATP as needed by using the energy stored in foods like glucose. • The energy stored in glucose by photosynthesis is released by cellular respiration and repackaged into t ...
GLUCONEOGENESIS
... starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to liver where they are deaminated and converted to gluconeogenesis inputs. Glycerol, derived fr ...
... starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to liver where they are deaminated and converted to gluconeogenesis inputs. Glycerol, derived fr ...
chapt05_lecture
... E. ATP Balance Sheet 1. Direct (substrate-level) phosphorylation in glycolysis and the citric acidcycle yields 4 ATP. a. These numbers are constant. 2. Oxidative phosphorylation in electron transport yields varying amounts of ATP, depending on the cell and conditions. a. Theoretically, each NADH yi ...
... E. ATP Balance Sheet 1. Direct (substrate-level) phosphorylation in glycolysis and the citric acidcycle yields 4 ATP. a. These numbers are constant. 2. Oxidative phosphorylation in electron transport yields varying amounts of ATP, depending on the cell and conditions. a. Theoretically, each NADH yi ...
practice oxidative phosphorylation worksheet11
... A series of proteins in the inner membrane will be used to do so. Active transport utilized to move H+ against concentration gradient in the Electron Transport Chain! A series of redox reactions are employed as H+ ions are moved against a concentration gradient via active transport. Protein Complexe ...
... A series of proteins in the inner membrane will be used to do so. Active transport utilized to move H+ against concentration gradient in the Electron Transport Chain! A series of redox reactions are employed as H+ ions are moved against a concentration gradient via active transport. Protein Complexe ...
030626 Mitochondrial Respiratory
... primordial eukaryotic cells that lacked the ability to use oxygen metabolically. A symbiotic relationship developed and became permanent. The bacteria evolved into mitochondria, thus endowing the host cells with aerobic metabolism, a much more efficient way to produce energy than anaerobic glycolysi ...
... primordial eukaryotic cells that lacked the ability to use oxygen metabolically. A symbiotic relationship developed and became permanent. The bacteria evolved into mitochondria, thus endowing the host cells with aerobic metabolism, a much more efficient way to produce energy than anaerobic glycolysi ...
BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM
... catalyze these oxidations are generally called oxidases or, if the oxygen atom is derived directly from molecular oxygen (O2), oxygenases. Every oxidation must be accompanied by a reduction, in which an electron acceptor acquires the electrons removed by oxidation. Oxidation reactions generally rele ...
... catalyze these oxidations are generally called oxidases or, if the oxygen atom is derived directly from molecular oxygen (O2), oxygenases. Every oxidation must be accompanied by a reduction, in which an electron acceptor acquires the electrons removed by oxidation. Oxidation reactions generally rele ...
Environmental Microbiology Learning Questions
... 1 mole : 1mole, 1M of acetate is oxidized by 1 M of SO42-. (2mM * 1M) / 1000 mM = 0.002 M of acetate will be oxidized by 2 mM of SO42- ...
... 1 mole : 1mole, 1M of acetate is oxidized by 1 M of SO42-. (2mM * 1M) / 1000 mM = 0.002 M of acetate will be oxidized by 2 mM of SO42- ...
The role of ATP in metabolism
... a reactant in a condensation allows the elements of water to be removed from the reactants, RIOH and HXR 2, and liberated, not as water, but as protons or as part of phosphate. The chemical potential of both of the latter species will be lower in the system than that of water and on this basis the p ...
... a reactant in a condensation allows the elements of water to be removed from the reactants, RIOH and HXR 2, and liberated, not as water, but as protons or as part of phosphate. The chemical potential of both of the latter species will be lower in the system than that of water and on this basis the p ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transported to the liver • Liver lactate dehydrogenase can reconvert lactate to pyruva ...
... • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transported to the liver • Liver lactate dehydrogenase can reconvert lactate to pyruva ...
Block 1 Unit #3
... a. Glycolysis – dihydroxyacetone is converted to Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate b. Triglyceride synthesis – it is converted to glycerol 3 phosphate which is a precursor for biosynthesis of triglycerides in adipose tissues c. Glycerol phosphate shuttle – it is reduced by NADH, provides a roll in regenera ...
... a. Glycolysis – dihydroxyacetone is converted to Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate b. Triglyceride synthesis – it is converted to glycerol 3 phosphate which is a precursor for biosynthesis of triglycerides in adipose tissues c. Glycerol phosphate shuttle – it is reduced by NADH, provides a roll in regenera ...
Biochemistry - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... compound. The electrons from the tricarboxylic acid cycle are made available to an electron transport chain in the form of 3 NADH and 1 FADH2. So these are also formed in the reactions in the Krebs cycle and this NADH and FADH2 is utilized in oxidative phosphorylation for the production of ATP where ...
... compound. The electrons from the tricarboxylic acid cycle are made available to an electron transport chain in the form of 3 NADH and 1 FADH2. So these are also formed in the reactions in the Krebs cycle and this NADH and FADH2 is utilized in oxidative phosphorylation for the production of ATP where ...
Electrone transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
... this energy can be captured and stored by the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). This process is called oxidative phosphorylation. The remainder of the free energy not trapped as ATP is used to drive ancillary reactions such as Ca2+ transport into mitochondria, and to generate ...
... this energy can be captured and stored by the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). This process is called oxidative phosphorylation. The remainder of the free energy not trapped as ATP is used to drive ancillary reactions such as Ca2+ transport into mitochondria, and to generate ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.