AP UNIT 3
... anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) ...
... anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) ...
Model of Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism
... reactions catalyzed by the enzymes acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, beta-hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase, and acyl-CoA acetyletransferase (thiolase) ([5], Ch. 21; [6], Ch. 24). For simplicity, the reducing equivalents FAD and FADH2 are considered equivalent to NAD+ and NADH, as they consume ...
... reactions catalyzed by the enzymes acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, beta-hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase, and acyl-CoA acetyletransferase (thiolase) ([5], Ch. 21; [6], Ch. 24). For simplicity, the reducing equivalents FAD and FADH2 are considered equivalent to NAD+ and NADH, as they consume ...
Biosc_48_Chapter_5_lecture
... 2. Amino acids from dietary proteins are needed to replace proteins in the body. 3. If more amino acids are consumed than are needed, the excess amino acids can be used for energy or converted into carbohydrates or fat. 4. Our bodies can make 12 of the 20 amino acids from other molecules. Eight of t ...
... 2. Amino acids from dietary proteins are needed to replace proteins in the body. 3. If more amino acids are consumed than are needed, the excess amino acids can be used for energy or converted into carbohydrates or fat. 4. Our bodies can make 12 of the 20 amino acids from other molecules. Eight of t ...
Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11e (Madigan/Martinko)
... 50) When lactate or pyruvate is the electron donor during dissimilative sulfate reduction, ATP is produced from the proton motive force. Answer: TRUE 51) With few exceptions, autotrophic sulfate reducers use the acetyl-CoA pathway as a means of producing cell material. Answer: TRUE 52) Chlorinated c ...
... 50) When lactate or pyruvate is the electron donor during dissimilative sulfate reduction, ATP is produced from the proton motive force. Answer: TRUE 51) With few exceptions, autotrophic sulfate reducers use the acetyl-CoA pathway as a means of producing cell material. Answer: TRUE 52) Chlorinated c ...
A Loop Unique to Ferredoxin-Dependent Glutamate Synthases is
... shown), in both the visible and near UV regions, of the loopless variant were very similar to those measured for the wild-type enzyme. Thus, although the presence of small conformational differences produced by deletion of the 27 amino acids of the loop cannot be ruled out, the CD data allow us to c ...
... shown), in both the visible and near UV regions, of the loopless variant were very similar to those measured for the wild-type enzyme. Thus, although the presence of small conformational differences produced by deletion of the 27 amino acids of the loop cannot be ruled out, the CD data allow us to c ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... oxidation and cleavage of glucose ATP generation (with and without oxygen) all cells in the cytosol (the reducing equivalents are transferred to the electron-transport chain by the shuttle) ...
... oxidation and cleavage of glucose ATP generation (with and without oxygen) all cells in the cytosol (the reducing equivalents are transferred to the electron-transport chain by the shuttle) ...
The rotary mechanism of the ATP synthase Archives - iGRAD
... Because of the large size, multiple subunits many of which are integral membrane proteins, and asymmetry, determination of the subunit stoichiometry and defining subunit interactions has been challenging. There is still some debate about the number of c subunits and whether this number can vary withi ...
... Because of the large size, multiple subunits many of which are integral membrane proteins, and asymmetry, determination of the subunit stoichiometry and defining subunit interactions has been challenging. There is still some debate about the number of c subunits and whether this number can vary withi ...
Gluconeogenesis
... pathway does not inactivate the other. However many steps are the same. Three steps are different from glycolysis. 1 Pyruvate to PEP 2 Fructose 1,6- bisphosphate to Fructose-6phosphate 3 Glucose-6-Phosphate to Glucose ...
... pathway does not inactivate the other. However many steps are the same. Three steps are different from glycolysis. 1 Pyruvate to PEP 2 Fructose 1,6- bisphosphate to Fructose-6phosphate 3 Glucose-6-Phosphate to Glucose ...
Unit F214 - Communication, homeostasis and energy - High
... Unit F214 - Communication, Homeostasis and Energy - High banded Candidate style answer OCR has produced these candidate style answers to support teachers in interpreting the assessment criteria for the new GCE specifications and to bridge the gap between new specification release and availability of ...
... Unit F214 - Communication, Homeostasis and Energy - High banded Candidate style answer OCR has produced these candidate style answers to support teachers in interpreting the assessment criteria for the new GCE specifications and to bridge the gap between new specification release and availability of ...
(ATP). - WordPress.com
... Catabolic reactions are organized in stages. Stage 1: Digestion and hydrolysis break down large molecules to smaller ones that enter the bloodstream. Stage 2: Degradation breaks down molecules to two- and three-carbon compounds Stage 3: Oxidation of small molecules in the citric acid cycle and ...
... Catabolic reactions are organized in stages. Stage 1: Digestion and hydrolysis break down large molecules to smaller ones that enter the bloodstream. Stage 2: Degradation breaks down molecules to two- and three-carbon compounds Stage 3: Oxidation of small molecules in the citric acid cycle and ...
Glycolysi
... Irreversible, committed step in glycolysis Activation under low [ATP] or high [ADP and AMP] Phosphoryl group donor ATP PPi : some bacteria and protist, all plants ...
... Irreversible, committed step in glycolysis Activation under low [ATP] or high [ADP and AMP] Phosphoryl group donor ATP PPi : some bacteria and protist, all plants ...
Microsoft Word
... Most of the cell’s energy, in the form of ATP, is produced in humans by an F 1FO-type ATP synthase (or complex V) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Saraste, 1999). This enzyme synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy of the electrochemical proton gradient establis ...
... Most of the cell’s energy, in the form of ATP, is produced in humans by an F 1FO-type ATP synthase (or complex V) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Saraste, 1999). This enzyme synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy of the electrochemical proton gradient establis ...
Mitochondrial Medicine Arrives to Prime Time in Clinical Care
... from the ETC to concentrate into a “pressurized” electromechanical gradient that powers ETC Complex No. 5, also called ATP synthase. ATP synthase is powered via the transmittal of protons from their high concentration gradient in the intermembrane space through the structure of the ATP synthase enzy ...
... from the ETC to concentrate into a “pressurized” electromechanical gradient that powers ETC Complex No. 5, also called ATP synthase. ATP synthase is powered via the transmittal of protons from their high concentration gradient in the intermembrane space through the structure of the ATP synthase enzy ...
PowerPoint
... – D. The aerobic respiration process enters the third stage known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. It takes place in the mitochondria and consists of eight steps. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen are released during TCA. – E. In the fourth stage, the electron transport system (ETS), electrons of t ...
... – D. The aerobic respiration process enters the third stage known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. It takes place in the mitochondria and consists of eight steps. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen are released during TCA. – E. In the fourth stage, the electron transport system (ETS), electrons of t ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.