Preparation of pyruvate for the citric acid cycle Recap 1. We have
... 3. It is converted to Lactate (animal muscles) 4. It is converted to ethanol (yeast; alcohol fermantation) Pyruvate enters the Citric acid cycle First, we need to get pyruvate to the correct location: Glycolyis occurs in the ______________ TCA cycle occurs in the ______________ ...
... 3. It is converted to Lactate (animal muscles) 4. It is converted to ethanol (yeast; alcohol fermantation) Pyruvate enters the Citric acid cycle First, we need to get pyruvate to the correct location: Glycolyis occurs in the ______________ TCA cycle occurs in the ______________ ...
ATP
... The series of carriers is called the respiratory chain. The carriers include: NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), FAD (Flavine adenine dinucleotide, coenzyme Q and iron-containing proteins (cytochromes) Oxidative phosphorylation: generation of ATP by H atoms in an electron transport system in ...
... The series of carriers is called the respiratory chain. The carriers include: NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), FAD (Flavine adenine dinucleotide, coenzyme Q and iron-containing proteins (cytochromes) Oxidative phosphorylation: generation of ATP by H atoms in an electron transport system in ...
Bioenergetics and ioenergetics and Metabolism etabolism
... normally be in the form of ATP or a reduced coenzyme (NADH, NADPH). It is noteworthy that the usefulness of ATP as an energy source is not a consequence of any special or ‘high energy’ form of the phosphate bond, but is merely a function of how far the hydrolysis of ATP is displaced from ...
... normally be in the form of ATP or a reduced coenzyme (NADH, NADPH). It is noteworthy that the usefulness of ATP as an energy source is not a consequence of any special or ‘high energy’ form of the phosphate bond, but is merely a function of how far the hydrolysis of ATP is displaced from ...
Mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular pathways of
... one molecule of pyruvate. Additionally, acetyl CoA can be produced by oxidation of fatty acids, which then requires the nutrient L-carnitine to shuttle the acetyl CoA into the mitochondria to enter the TCA cycle. NADH and FADH carry electrons to the ETC, which is embedded in the inner mitochondrial ...
... one molecule of pyruvate. Additionally, acetyl CoA can be produced by oxidation of fatty acids, which then requires the nutrient L-carnitine to shuttle the acetyl CoA into the mitochondria to enter the TCA cycle. NADH and FADH carry electrons to the ETC, which is embedded in the inner mitochondrial ...
Lecture 3 - Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
Lecture 3 - Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 1 2 3 4
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
Test 1 Study Guide
... iii. Synthesis is a building reaction (anabolism) while decomposition is breaking down (catabolism). Exchange reactions involve both. C. Water – polarity and size give it unique properties a. Liquid vs. ice b. Cohesive and adhesive: surface tension. c. Solvent – solutes dissolve in it. (Fig. 2.8a) d ...
... iii. Synthesis is a building reaction (anabolism) while decomposition is breaking down (catabolism). Exchange reactions involve both. C. Water – polarity and size give it unique properties a. Liquid vs. ice b. Cohesive and adhesive: surface tension. c. Solvent – solutes dissolve in it. (Fig. 2.8a) d ...
CHAPTER 26: Lipid Metabolism - Richest energy source
... - we said acetyl CoA formed enters the Krebs cycle, or is used to form Ketone bodies - ketaone bodies are formed from the buildup of acetyl coA in the body with depletion of oxaloacetate = krebs cycle can’t start - caused by diabetes or diet low in carbohydrates (fatty acid oxidation increases to ...
... - we said acetyl CoA formed enters the Krebs cycle, or is used to form Ketone bodies - ketaone bodies are formed from the buildup of acetyl coA in the body with depletion of oxaloacetate = krebs cycle can’t start - caused by diabetes or diet low in carbohydrates (fatty acid oxidation increases to ...
Krebs Cycle
... - Krebs cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl group of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to CO2 with concomitant release of NADH, FADH2, and GTP - Such oxidation of acetyl groups occurs via a “cycle” rather than a “pathway”—since both the substrate and the product are identical (oxaloacetate), or simp ...
... - Krebs cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl group of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to CO2 with concomitant release of NADH, FADH2, and GTP - Such oxidation of acetyl groups occurs via a “cycle” rather than a “pathway”—since both the substrate and the product are identical (oxaloacetate), or simp ...
An Introduction to Metabolism
... resources of the cell. Some metabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. These degradative processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose and other organic ...
... resources of the cell. Some metabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. These degradative processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose and other organic ...
part_4_cellular_respiration_stations
... requires oxygen to release ATP energy from food. Most organisms such as animals (heterotrophs) and plants (autotrophs) use aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires six molecules of oxygen and 1 glucose molecule, a type of carbohydrate or sugar. For just 1 glucose molecule, aerobic respirati ...
... requires oxygen to release ATP energy from food. Most organisms such as animals (heterotrophs) and plants (autotrophs) use aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires six molecules of oxygen and 1 glucose molecule, a type of carbohydrate or sugar. For just 1 glucose molecule, aerobic respirati ...
pdf file
... reported that AEA although causing matrix swelling in mice liver mitochondria, decreased substantially the Ca2+ induced cytochrome c release, an early event of the apoptotic programme. It is possible that the different effects observed could arise in part from differences in the concentration range ...
... reported that AEA although causing matrix swelling in mice liver mitochondria, decreased substantially the Ca2+ induced cytochrome c release, an early event of the apoptotic programme. It is possible that the different effects observed could arise in part from differences in the concentration range ...
Finals Practice Exam answers
... Spring 2004 BCHS 3304 Final Exam Review1). The TR transition of hemoglobin upon binding of oxygen to the heme has been thoroughly investigated. On a thermodynamic level, this TR transition can be described as (primarily) an enthalpically driven process. Which of the following phenomena in the TR ...
... Spring 2004 BCHS 3304 Final Exam Review1). The TR transition of hemoglobin upon binding of oxygen to the heme has been thoroughly investigated. On a thermodynamic level, this TR transition can be described as (primarily) an enthalpically driven process. Which of the following phenomena in the TR ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
... pathway occurring in plants and several bacteria, but not animals. . The glyoxylate cycle allows these organisms to use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates, a task which vertebrates, including humans, cannot perform. Isocitrate --> succinate + glyoxylate (O=CH-COO-)+acetyl-CoA--> malate-->> gluc ...
... pathway occurring in plants and several bacteria, but not animals. . The glyoxylate cycle allows these organisms to use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates, a task which vertebrates, including humans, cannot perform. Isocitrate --> succinate + glyoxylate (O=CH-COO-)+acetyl-CoA--> malate-->> gluc ...
general biology - Palomar College
... viruses, killing itself in the process, and liberating more viruses. Because viruses are not classic organisms, they do not respond to treatments such as antibiotics that are effective against organisms, like bacteria. ...
... viruses, killing itself in the process, and liberating more viruses. Because viruses are not classic organisms, they do not respond to treatments such as antibiotics that are effective against organisms, like bacteria. ...
From CO2 to cell: energetic expense of creating biomass using the
... study was to extend this estimate of cost from metabolite synthesis to biomass synthesis. For 12 gammaproteobacteria (CBB) and five epsilonproteobacteria (rCAC), the amount of ATP to synthesize a gram of biomass from CO2 was calculated from genome sequences via metabolic maps. The eleven central car ...
... study was to extend this estimate of cost from metabolite synthesis to biomass synthesis. For 12 gammaproteobacteria (CBB) and five epsilonproteobacteria (rCAC), the amount of ATP to synthesize a gram of biomass from CO2 was calculated from genome sequences via metabolic maps. The eleven central car ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.