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ADP
ADP

... To produce NADPH (1) NADPH is the donor of hydrogen for various anabolic metabolism in organism (2) NADPH can participate in the hydroxylation reaction, involving biosynthesis or biotransformation in organism ...
Content Display : Unit 2 - Energy Metabolism : Lesson 1
Content Display : Unit 2 - Energy Metabolism : Lesson 1

... that occurs with weight training), this is anabolism. Individual amino acids are bonded together in specific sequences to form the proteins. Formation of these bonds requires energy that must come from other chemical reactions. Example 2: Carbohydrates are stored in the body primarily in the form of ...
Manipulating redox and ATP balancing for improved production of
Manipulating redox and ATP balancing for improved production of

... succinate, acetate and ethanol in a molar ratio of 1:0.5:0.5. It is thought that pyruvate dehydrogenase complex maintains a low level of activity under laboratory anaerobic conditions, thus enabling the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Ethanol is then produced via adhE with acetate arising from ...
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

...  The inner core of mammalian Pyruvate Dehydrogenase is an icosahedral structure consisting of 60 copies of E2.  At the periphery of the complex are: • 30 copies of E1 (itself a tetramer with subunits a2b2). • 12 copies of E3 (a homodimer), plus 12 copies of an E3 binding protein that links E3 to E ...
"Central Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism". In: Microbial
"Central Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism". In: Microbial

... phosphate (DHAP), or cofactors such as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), may have an inhibitory effect on certain catabolic enzymes. Elevation of the AMP concentration may signal a low-energy state. In the case of DHAP or PEP, AMP may regulate the flow of these metabolites into biosy ...
Mitochondrial ATP synthase is dispensable in blood
Mitochondrial ATP synthase is dispensable in blood

respiration_DSE_revi..
respiration_DSE_revi..

... The conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA is an coupled oxidationreduction reaction in which high energy electrons are removed from pyruvate and end up in NADH. The three carbon pyruvate is split into CO2 and the two carbon acetate. ...
Phosphorylation of the F1Fo ATP Synthase Я Subunit
Phosphorylation of the F1Fo ATP Synthase Я Subunit

The Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
The Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides

... When the Activity Site is occupied by ATP the enzyme is turned “ON”. When the Activity Site is occupied by deoxy ATP the enzyme is turned “OFF”. When the Specificity Site is occupied by ATP or deoxy ATP (dATP) then CDP or UDP is reduced. When the Specificity Site is occupied by deoxyTTP (dTTP) then ...
glucose - WordPress.com
glucose - WordPress.com

... AMP and ADP are activators. As ATP is consumed, ADP and sometimes AMP levels build up, triggering the need for more ATP. The enzyme is highly regulated by ATP. If there is a lot of ATP in the cell, then glycolysis is not necessary.. ATP will build at an allosteric site and inhibit binding of F6-P. ...
as a PDF
as a PDF

... physiochemical properties enabling mobility within the phospholipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Coenzyme Q10 is found in complexes I and II of the electron transport chain (ETC) where it undergoes 2 sequential 1 electron reductions by flavoproteins, first to the semiubiquinone radic ...
Metabolism
Metabolism

... vitamin derivatives, that combine with an inactive enzyme to form an active enzyme. Coenzymes associate closely with these enzymes, allowing them to catalyze certain metabolic reactions in a cell. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [ahDEN-oh-seen try-FOS-fate]  A high-energy compound that is the main dire ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology

... 22. a. Creatine phosphate and anaerobic metabolism is more important when sprinting very fast for a short distance because it provides small amounts of ATP quickly, without the need for oxygen. b. When slow jogging for a long distance aerobic respiration (Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) i ...
Muscle Metabolism - Interactive Physiology
Muscle Metabolism - Interactive Physiology

... 19. In the mitochondrion. 20. Carbon dioxide, water, and 36 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. 21. a. 2 ATPs b. 36 ATPs 22. a. Creatine phosphate and anaerobic metabolism is more important when sprinting very fast for a short distance because it provides small amounts of ATP quickly, without the ...
Early bioenergetic evolution
Early bioenergetic evolution

Details of the scope analysis for each organism
Details of the scope analysis for each organism

... Of all possible internal metabolites, the addition of ADP-glucose to the seed increased the scope the most. However, the scope of the expanded seed still does not contain all producible molecules. The next metabolites to add are any of the following metabolites: NAD+, NADH, deamino-NAD+, iminoaspart ...
MCAD - MSOE Center for BioMolecular Modeling
MCAD - MSOE Center for BioMolecular Modeling

... Long chain Acyl-CoA Short chain Acyl-CoA ...
Being right on Q: shaping eukaryotic evolution
Being right on Q: shaping eukaryotic evolution

... ones would allow LECA to develop internal control over secreted endosymbiont membranes and meet challenges faced during the evolution towards complete symbiosis, such as sequestering biochemical pathways, e.g. peroxisomal FA breakdown, and synchronizing cell divisions of the two organisms. This mode ...
Lecture 24
Lecture 24

... Glycogen biosynthesis Most important storage form of sugar Glycogen - highly branched (1 per 10) polymer of glucose with (1,4) backbone and (1,6) branch points. More branched than starch so more free ends. Average molecular weight -several million in liver, muscle. 1/3 in liver (more concentrate ...
Fatty Acid Oxid
Fatty Acid Oxid

... Ketone bodies are transported in the blood to other cells, where they are converted back to acetyl-CoA for catabolism in Krebs cycle, to generate ATP. While ketone bodies thus function as an alternative fuel, amino acids must be degraded to supply input to gluconeogenesis when hypoglycemia occurs, s ...
Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Diseases
Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Diseases

Document
Document

... of the 3rd phase of Glucose Aerobic oxidation • Stage I The acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized into CO2, with electrons collected by NAD and FAD via a cyclic pathway (tricarboxylic acid cycle) • Stage II Electrons of NADH and FADH2 are transferred to O2 via a series carriers, producing H2O and a H+ g ...
Drosophila Sirt2/mammalian SIRT3 deacetylates ATP synthase and
Drosophila Sirt2/mammalian SIRT3 deacetylates ATP synthase and

... Mitochondria generate cellular energy in the form of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). During this process, four multiprotein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane transfer electrons in a series of redox reactions that creates a proton electrochemical gradient across th ...
Sugar Metabolism in Yeasts: an Overview of Aerobic and Anaerobic
Sugar Metabolism in Yeasts: an Overview of Aerobic and Anaerobic

... briefly summarize the glycolytic pathway that constitutes the central block of hexose and disaccharide metabolism and that has been extensively revised during the last few years (for reviews see Gancedo and Serrano 1989; Richard 2003; Kruckeberg and Dickinson 2004). Once inside the cell, glucose is ...
1 oxidative capacity distribution in skeletal muscle fibers of the rat
1 oxidative capacity distribution in skeletal muscle fibers of the rat

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Electron transport chain



An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.
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