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... Direct through-space ET via vacuum tunneling between donor and acceptor is strongly distance dependent and not relevant in the case here, where a condensed medium (both peptide and surrounding solvent) separates donor and acceptor. Conceivable transport mechanisms involve direct superexchangemediate ...
... Direct through-space ET via vacuum tunneling between donor and acceptor is strongly distance dependent and not relevant in the case here, where a condensed medium (both peptide and surrounding solvent) separates donor and acceptor. Conceivable transport mechanisms involve direct superexchangemediate ...
Metabolomics - Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics
... Specialized carrier proteins catalyze the transport of nucleotides, amino acids, inorganic ions, fatty acids, keto acids, and cofactors across the impermeable mitochondrial inner membrane. These transport steps are important to maintain a separate inner mitochondrial pool and micromilieu for ATP pro ...
... Specialized carrier proteins catalyze the transport of nucleotides, amino acids, inorganic ions, fatty acids, keto acids, and cofactors across the impermeable mitochondrial inner membrane. These transport steps are important to maintain a separate inner mitochondrial pool and micromilieu for ATP pro ...
Lecture 5 - Fermentation and CHO feeder
... Glycogen is primarily stored in the liver and is used to maintain blood glucose levels between meals But … neither G1P nor G6P can be transported out of liver cells Require separate pathway (below) to convert G6P to glucose for transport ...
... Glycogen is primarily stored in the liver and is used to maintain blood glucose levels between meals But … neither G1P nor G6P can be transported out of liver cells Require separate pathway (below) to convert G6P to glucose for transport ...
The Anaerobic (Class III) Ribonucleotide Reductase from Lactococcus lactis
... of two proteins, NrdD and NrdG, with the larger NrdD responsible for catalysis and allosteric effects and the smaller NrdG for radical generation. nrdD and nrdG genes have been found in many different anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria (2). Up to now only the class III proteins from E. col ...
... of two proteins, NrdD and NrdG, with the larger NrdD responsible for catalysis and allosteric effects and the smaller NrdG for radical generation. nrdD and nrdG genes have been found in many different anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria (2). Up to now only the class III proteins from E. col ...
6 - Beta-Sheet.org
... its sites appeared nearly identical with those occupied by the osmium derivative. Later cycles of phase refinement included all data to2 A resolution, since 2.0- to 2.5-A shell difference Patterson maps of the gold chloride and uranyl nitrate derivatives showed peaks 2 to 16 times above background a ...
... its sites appeared nearly identical with those occupied by the osmium derivative. Later cycles of phase refinement included all data to2 A resolution, since 2.0- to 2.5-A shell difference Patterson maps of the gold chloride and uranyl nitrate derivatives showed peaks 2 to 16 times above background a ...
ADP
... ③ The key points of TAC For each cycle of TAC, – One molecule of acetyl CoA is consumed – Undergo through four times of dehydrogenation, two times of decarboxylation, one time of ...
... ③ The key points of TAC For each cycle of TAC, – One molecule of acetyl CoA is consumed – Undergo through four times of dehydrogenation, two times of decarboxylation, one time of ...
10 Translocation in the Phloem Chapter
... tional relationship and a ready exchange of solutes between the two cells. The plasmodesmata are often complex and branched on the companion cell side. Companion cells play a role in the transport of photosynthetic products from producing cells in mature leaves to the sieve elements in the minor (sm ...
... tional relationship and a ready exchange of solutes between the two cells. The plasmodesmata are often complex and branched on the companion cell side. Companion cells play a role in the transport of photosynthetic products from producing cells in mature leaves to the sieve elements in the minor (sm ...
Karbohidrat Metabolizması
... PEP Carboxykinase catalyzes GTP-dependent oxaloacetate PEP. It is thought to proceed in 2 steps: Oxaloacetate is first decarboxylated to yield a pyruvate enolate anion intermediate. This is phosphorylated by phosphate transfer from GTP. A metal ion such as Mn++ is required, in addition to Mg++ ass ...
... PEP Carboxykinase catalyzes GTP-dependent oxaloacetate PEP. It is thought to proceed in 2 steps: Oxaloacetate is first decarboxylated to yield a pyruvate enolate anion intermediate. This is phosphorylated by phosphate transfer from GTP. A metal ion such as Mn++ is required, in addition to Mg++ ass ...
Gluconeogenesis
... starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to liver where they are deaminated and converted to gluconeogenesis inputs. Glycerol, derived fr ...
... starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to liver where they are deaminated and converted to gluconeogenesis inputs. Glycerol, derived fr ...
Carbon and electron flow in Clostridium butyricum
... and 2.5 mol H, are produced per mol hexose catabolized (Jungermann e t al., 1973). The production of acetate or butyrate constitutes an important branch point (Fig. 1). C. bzltJvriczlm is also able to catabolize glycerol and an additional branch point of fermentation exists (Fig. 1) : glycerol can b ...
... and 2.5 mol H, are produced per mol hexose catabolized (Jungermann e t al., 1973). The production of acetate or butyrate constitutes an important branch point (Fig. 1). C. bzltJvriczlm is also able to catabolize glycerol and an additional branch point of fermentation exists (Fig. 1) : glycerol can b ...
Fat Metabolism
... • When there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. • Ketones build up in the blood and then spill over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. Acetone can be exhaled through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in ...
... • When there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. • Ketones build up in the blood and then spill over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. Acetone can be exhaled through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in ...
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Thiobacillus
... presence of a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is not necessary. The same authors could not find such a repression in the facultative autotroph Hydrogenomonas eutropha,but it is interesting to note that Amarisingham & Davis (1965) reported a repression of aketoglutarate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli ...
... presence of a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is not necessary. The same authors could not find such a repression in the facultative autotroph Hydrogenomonas eutropha,but it is interesting to note that Amarisingham & Davis (1965) reported a repression of aketoglutarate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli ...
Role of TCA cycle and glyoxylate shunt for succinic acid production
... extremely important role in the food and beverage industry. Because its ability to produce ethanol, via alcoholic fermentation of different sugars as carbon sources, it’s widely used for the industrial production of alcoholic beverages like beer, wine or sake. During the fermentation process CO2 is ...
... extremely important role in the food and beverage industry. Because its ability to produce ethanol, via alcoholic fermentation of different sugars as carbon sources, it’s widely used for the industrial production of alcoholic beverages like beer, wine or sake. During the fermentation process CO2 is ...
Document
... of the 3rd phase of Glucose Aerobic oxidation • Stage I The acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized into CO2, with electrons collected by NAD and FAD via a cyclic pathway (tricarboxylic acid cycle) • Stage II Electrons of NADH and FADH2 are transferred to O2 via a series carriers, producing H2O and a H+ g ...
... of the 3rd phase of Glucose Aerobic oxidation • Stage I The acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized into CO2, with electrons collected by NAD and FAD via a cyclic pathway (tricarboxylic acid cycle) • Stage II Electrons of NADH and FADH2 are transferred to O2 via a series carriers, producing H2O and a H+ g ...
Metabolism (degradation) of triacylglycerols and fatty acids
... complete degradation of glucose – a comparison • The net yield from the complete β-oxidation of one molecule of palmitate is 106 ATP molecules – The yield per one atom of carbon is: 106 : 16 = 6.6 ATP • The net yield from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose is about 31 ATP molecules – ...
... complete degradation of glucose – a comparison • The net yield from the complete β-oxidation of one molecule of palmitate is 106 ATP molecules – The yield per one atom of carbon is: 106 : 16 = 6.6 ATP • The net yield from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose is about 31 ATP molecules – ...
Malate Dehydrogenases – Structure and Function
... with mitochondrial MDHs have shown that this enzyme is allosterically regulated. High concentrations of malate stimulate the production of oxaloacetate, while high concentrations of oxaloacetate inhibit the reaction (Mullinax et al. 1982; Fahien et al. 1988). Citrate also affects MDH activity by ver ...
... with mitochondrial MDHs have shown that this enzyme is allosterically regulated. High concentrations of malate stimulate the production of oxaloacetate, while high concentrations of oxaloacetate inhibit the reaction (Mullinax et al. 1982; Fahien et al. 1988). Citrate also affects MDH activity by ver ...
Skeletal muscle phenotype affects fasting
... shows that the rate of mitochondrial oxygen consumption associated with ATP production (state 3) was significantly decreased by approximately 67% (P<0.0001) and 46% (P<0.0001) in pectoralis and gastrocnemius muscles of fasted ducklings as compared with fed birds, respectively. The basal non-phosphor ...
... shows that the rate of mitochondrial oxygen consumption associated with ATP production (state 3) was significantly decreased by approximately 67% (P<0.0001) and 46% (P<0.0001) in pectoralis and gastrocnemius muscles of fasted ducklings as compared with fed birds, respectively. The basal non-phosphor ...
The Enzymic Activity of the Outer Shell of
... it was shown that the outer shells of many aerobic bacteria may be prepared by crushing the organisms in a Hughes (1951) press and removing the cytoplasmic contents by washing and centrifugation. Such preparations have been called cellwall membranes because they have the form and chemical constituen ...
... it was shown that the outer shells of many aerobic bacteria may be prepared by crushing the organisms in a Hughes (1951) press and removing the cytoplasmic contents by washing and centrifugation. Such preparations have been called cellwall membranes because they have the form and chemical constituen ...
The Enzymic Activity of the Outer Shell of
... it was shown that the outer shells of many aerobic bacteria may be prepared by crushing the organisms in a Hughes (1951) press and removing the cytoplasmic contents by washing and centrifugation. Such preparations have been called cellwall membranes because they have the form and chemical constituen ...
... it was shown that the outer shells of many aerobic bacteria may be prepared by crushing the organisms in a Hughes (1951) press and removing the cytoplasmic contents by washing and centrifugation. Such preparations have been called cellwall membranes because they have the form and chemical constituen ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.