• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Chapter 4 General metabolism
Chapter 4 General metabolism

... pyruvate bypass that involves the synthesis of acetyl-CoA through the concerted action of pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA synthetase (Figure 4.3). These reactions followed by transport of the formed acetyl CoA to the mitochondria could in principle “by-pass” the act ...
Module 2 General principles of metabolism. Мetabolism of carbohy
Module 2 General principles of metabolism. Мetabolism of carbohy

... 60. What shape would a graph of reaction velocity versus pH have for an enzyme that uses both a proton donor and a proton acceptor during catalysis (both acid and base catalysis)? A. Sigmoidal B. Hyperbolic C. Exponential D. * Bell-shaped E. Linear ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a metabolic regulator of
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a metabolic regulator of

... pathway is compartmentalised in the nucleus, where NAD can be readily utilised by Sir2p [15]. Consistent with this notion, components of the salvage pathway, such as Npt1p, are localised primarily to the nucleus, whereas components of the de novo pathway reside evenly throughout the cell and have n ...
Mitochondria as a Pharmacological Target
Mitochondria as a Pharmacological Target

Metabolism of lactate and sugars by dairy propionibacteria: A
Metabolism of lactate and sugars by dairy propionibacteria: A

BIOGENESIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL ATPase Studies on
BIOGENESIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL ATPase Studies on

attached paper highlights
attached paper highlights

... 16.5 kb in vertebrates and contains 37 genes encoding 13 subunits of the electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I, III, IV, and V, 22 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs necessary for the translation. Correct mitochondrial biogenesis relies on the spatiotemporally coordinated synthesis and import ...
FAT/CD36 is located on the outer mitochondrial membrane
FAT/CD36 is located on the outer mitochondrial membrane

... sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2 + -ATPase 2; SUIT, substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; WT, wild-type. ...
Biochemical Aspects of the Thermal Sensitivity and Energy Balance
Biochemical Aspects of the Thermal Sensitivity and Energy Balance

A Mitochondrial Paradigm of Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases
A Mitochondrial Paradigm of Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases

Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium and purine nucleotides
Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium and purine nucleotides

... mitochondrial bioenergetics of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica, resulting in reduced mitochondrial efficiency, lower rates of ATP synthesis and potential energy deficit (Sokolova, 2004; Cherkasov et al., 2006a,b). Cd-induced discrepancy between energy demand and energy supply is especially str ...
Chapter X-1: The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle
Chapter X-1: The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle

... cytochromes. iron-sulfur proteins. coenzyme Q. NAD+. FAD. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis

Emerging therapeutic roles for NAD+ metabolism in mitochondrial
Emerging therapeutic roles for NAD+ metabolism in mitochondrial

... nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)] along the respiratory chain protein complexes (CI-IV) via the electron carriers (e.g. coenzyme Q10 and cytochrome c) to the terminal electron acceptor i.e. oxygen (O2) which is ultimately reduced to water (Fig.  1) [34 ...
Document
Document

... • Transport of fatty acids into mitochondria • Beta-Oxidation proper in the mitochondrial matrix • Fatty acids are oxidized by most of the tissues in the body. • Brain, erythrocytes and adrenal medulla cannot utilize fatty acids for energy requirement. ...
H. Heldt
H. Heldt

Plant Biochemistry
Plant Biochemistry

... The cytochrome-b6/f complex mediates electron transport between photosystem II and photosystem I 92 Iron atoms in cytochromes and in iron-sulfur centers have a central function as redox carriers 92 The electron transport by the cytochrome-b6/f complex is coupled to a proton transport 95 The number o ...
Boundless Study Slides
Boundless Study Slides

... • allosteric a compound that binds to an inactive site, affecting the activity of an enzyme by changing the conformation of the protein (can activate or deactivate) ...
Structure-Functional Study of Tyrosine and Methionine Dipeptides
Structure-Functional Study of Tyrosine and Methionine Dipeptides

Comparative analysis of cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP synthesis
Comparative analysis of cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP synthesis

Contents - Elsevier
Contents - Elsevier

... The foregoing observations suggested that these biological dehydrogenations may be viewed as removal of a hydride ion (H–) together with a proton (H+) rather than as removal of two hydrogen atoms. NAD+ and NADP+ are regarded as hydride ion-accepting coenzymes. However, it has been impossible to esta ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
Enzyme Mechanisms

... We describe enzymatic mechanisms in terms of the binding modes of the substrates (or, more properly, the transition-state species) to the enzyme. One of these involves the proximity effect, in which two (or more) substrates are directed down potential-energy gradients to positions where they are clo ...
Diversity and origins of anaerobic metabolism in mitochondria and
Diversity and origins of anaerobic metabolism in mitochondria and

Cardiac mitochondrial matrix and respiratory complex - AJP
Cardiac mitochondrial matrix and respiratory complex - AJP

... catalyzes the phosphorylation of many proteins in cell extracts, consistent with a low absolute specificity. Indeed, as stated by the authors of KESTREL, a significant challenge in this type of study is deciphering the kinase phosphorylations that impact function versus neutral sites. Taking this co ...
ATP regulation in bioproduction
ATP regulation in bioproduction

< 1 2 3 4 5 6 ... 178 >

Electron transport chain



An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report