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Lecture 24
Lecture 24

... Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dh a-KG dh Succinyl-CoA synthase Succinate dh Fumarase Malate dh ...
Rapamycin increases mitochondrial efficiency by mtDNA
Rapamycin increases mitochondrial efficiency by mtDNA

... Mitochondria are specialized organelles that convert metabolic substrates into adenosine ...
Adjeitey_Cyril _Nii-Klu_2013_ thesis
Adjeitey_Cyril _Nii-Klu_2013_ thesis

... Complex I- NADH-coenzyme Q reductase or NADH dehydrogenase Complex II- succinate:quinone oxidoreductase or succinate dehydrogenase Complex III- cytochrome c oxidoreductase or cytochrome bc1 complex Complex IV- cytochrome c oxidase Complex V- FoF1 ATP synthase CRE- cAMP response element CREB- cAMP re ...
- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

... capability to adapt to anaerobiosis by shifting down to a drug resistant dormant state. Here, we report the identification of the first enzyme, L-alanine dehydrogenase, whose specific activity is increased during dormancy development in M. smegmatis. This mycobacterial enzyme activity was previously ...
CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2
CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2

... •8 acetyl CoA enter citric acid cycle and give: •24 NADH = 72 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •8 FADH2 = 16 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •8 GTP = 8 ATP •7 NADH generated by beta oxidation itself = 21 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •7 FADH2 generated by beta oxidation itself = 14 ATP (by ...
Vitamins and Coenzymes
Vitamins and Coenzymes

... carbonyl group of the a-keto acid (i. e. pyruvate or a-KG) followed by protonation forms an activated a-hydroxyacid • The hydroxy acid then undergoes decarboxylation • The positively charged nitrogen of TPP serves as a critical electron sink during the decarboxylation step and contributes to the res ...
Control of Maximum Rates of Glycolysis in Rat Cardiac Muscle
Control of Maximum Rates of Glycolysis in Rat Cardiac Muscle

... such that further increases in the rate of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were prevented. The NADH/NAD ratio might be expected to decrease rather than increase with acceleration of oxidative metabolism and electron transport, and whole tissue levels of NADH did show a slight decrease (Tabl ...
energy supply components - The Company of Biologists
energy supply components - The Company of Biologists

Breathing (respiration) and Cellular Respiration
Breathing (respiration) and Cellular Respiration

... 3. Electrons are passed down ETC from low to high affinity and in the end O2 in the matrix, which is reduce to H2O and goes on its merry way (exergonic). 4. KE of moving electrons through ETC powers active transport of H+ from matrix to inter membrane space generating an H+ gradient (endergonic). 5. ...
26_Catabolism of tryacylglycerols oxidation of fatty acids a
26_Catabolism of tryacylglycerols oxidation of fatty acids a

... Storage and Mobilization of Fatty Acids (FA) • TGs are delivered to adipose tissue in the form of chylomicrones and VLDL, hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase into fatty acids and glycerol, which are taken up by adipocytes. • Then fatty acids are reesterified to TGs. • TGs are stored in adipocytes. • T ...
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Background - Rose
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Background - Rose

... GTP + ADP GDP + ATP has a ∆G´° of zero, the formation of GTP is equivalent to forming an ATP. Succinyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes a reversible reaction. The reaction mechanism involves the transfer of high-energy bonds from one compound to another. This transfer mechanism is necessary. If the first re ...
Radical species in the catalytic pathways of enzymes from anaerobes
Radical species in the catalytic pathways of enzymes from anaerobes

Modular organization of cardiac energy metabolism: energy
Modular organization of cardiac energy metabolism: energy

Fermentation metabolism and its evolution in algae
Fermentation metabolism and its evolution in algae

... by bacteria, and the level of NADH generated for recycling, are highly dependent upon the substrate being metabolized by the bacterium. For example, bacteria using sorbitol, a highly reduced carbon compound, produce three NADH molecules per molecule of substrate, while a highly oxidized carbon compo ...
Fructose-1,6 - LSU School of Medicine
Fructose-1,6 - LSU School of Medicine

... Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is regulated at the level of ...
Document
Document

... Anaerobic conversion of pyruvate to lactate permits regeneration of NAD+. Body can then make more ATP - at a cost. Creates an oxygen debt. Body must take in extra O2 to oxidize lactate. ...
Has Your Child with Autistic Symptoms Been Properly
Has Your Child with Autistic Symptoms Been Properly

ATP production in brain and liver mitochondria of Fischer
ATP production in brain and liver mitochondria of Fischer

Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis
Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis

... acidosis. Similarly, there is a wealth of research evidence to show that acidosis is caused by reactions other than lactate production. Every time ATP is broken down to ADP and Pi, a proton is released. When the ATP demand of muscle contraction is met by mitochondrial respiration, there is no proton ...
The Citric acid cycle
The Citric acid cycle

... Standard free energy changes in the citric acid cycle ...
1 What is metabolism? - New Jersey Center for Teaching and
1 What is metabolism? - New Jersey Center for Teaching and

Phosphatidylglycerol-containing ER
Phosphatidylglycerol-containing ER

LIPID MOBILIZATION
LIPID MOBILIZATION

... The NADH+H+ and FADH2 produced are oxidized further by the mitochondrial respiratory chain to establish an electrochemical gradient of protons, which is finally used by the F1F0-ATP synthase (complex V) to produce ATP, the only form of energy used by the cell. ...
Thermodynamic constraints shape the structure of carbon fixation
Thermodynamic constraints shape the structure of carbon fixation

Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis

... starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to liver where they are deaminated and converted to gluconeogenesis inputs. Glycerol, derived fr ...
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Electron transport chain



An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.
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