Download 1 What is metabolism? - New Jersey Center for Teaching and

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What is metabolism?
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What role do enzymes play in metabolic
pathways?
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How are catabolic pathways related to energy
production?
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‘Anabolic’ steroids were/are occasionally utilized
by bodybuilders and athletes to enhance
performance. Relate what you know about
anabolic pathways to explain why these specific
groups of people used these drugs.
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Are catabolic pathways endergonic or exergonic
reactions? Compare the amount of free energy in
the reactants to the amount of free energy in the
products of a catabolic pathway.
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Explain the relationship between catabolic and
anabolic pathways.
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Which type of pathway may occur
spontaneously? Explain this in terms of free
energy availability.
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What energy-storing molecule, created through
catabolic pathways, can be utilized later as a
source of energy currency?
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Which bond, in an ATP molecule, contains the
most energy? Why is this true?
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What has happened to a molecule that has been
‘phosphorylated?’ How do you know energy has
been released in this process?
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Why is ATP considered a recyclable molecule?
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What type of cellular process may be powered by
the input of ATP molecules?
Homework
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Suppose you were able to remove enzymes from
their involvement in metabolic pathways. What
changes, if any, would you be able to observe in
the metabolic processes?
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What are the differences between catabolic and
anabolic pathways?
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Would a bodybuilder elect to use a catabolic
steroid or an anabolic steroid? Explain your
answer.
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Explain why it makes sense, in terms of energy
content, that a catabolic pathway is utilized in
obtaining energy from food.
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Which type of a pathway (catabolic or anabolic)
needs to occur first, in order to supply energy for
the other one?
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When coupled, do metabolic pathways result in a
net endergonic or exergonic reaction? Explain
your answer.
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Which molecule contains more energy, adenosine
diphosphate or adenosine triphosphate? Explain
your answer.
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Which bond, in a molecule of ATP, is broken to
obtain energy from the molecule? Why is this the
case?
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Why does adding phosphate groups to the tail of
adenosine monophosphate store energy within
the molecule?
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After providing a reaction with energy through
phosphorylation, why does an ADP molecule get
recycled back to ATP, instead of supporting an
additional reaction?
Cellular Respiration
Classwork
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If cellular respiration is a process that yields ATP
molecules, do you think this is a catabolic or
anabolic pathway? Support your answer.
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What role do the molecules NAD+ and FAD play in
the process of cellular respiration?
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Why are electron acceptors necessary in order for
NADH+H+ and FADH2 to release stored energy?
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Is oxygen a good agent for reduction or oxidation
processes? Why?
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Suppose you are a scientist studying a newly
discovered organism. You are asked to determine
the type of cellular respiration utilized by this
organism and determine whether it is an a)
obligate anaerobe, b) obligate aerobe, or c)
facultative anaerobe. Design an experiment to
test this, and explain what results you would
expect for each type of organism.
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What is the net yield of ATP through glycolysis?
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Why does the citric acid cycle need to convert
pyruvate to a different carbon compound in order
complete the cycle? What is the scientific name
for this process?
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What relationship exists between the CO2
molecules produced through the citric acid cycle
and the pyruvates that begin the cycle?
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Why does the citric acid cycle need to complete
two rounds in order to completely process a
molecule of glucose?
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Why is the reduction of FAD to FADH2 a
significant result of the citric acid cycle?
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When analyzing the process of cellular
respiration, it may help to compare the process to
volleyball, with the first three stages being the
‘set,’ and the final stage the ‘spike.’ Explain why
this analogy makes sense.
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Considering anaerobic respiration, explain why
primordial Earth had a higher concentration of
CH4, H2, and N2S than our current atmosphere.
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Why is the creation of a proton gradient, through
the electron transport chain, essential for the
ultimate goal of energy production through
oxidative phosphorylation?
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In what way is ATP synthase like a turnstile?
What object would represent people in this
analogy?
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How are electron carriers NADH and FADH2
utilized in the electron transport chain process?
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How do you think the oxidative phosphorylation
process would be affected by the lack of an
electron acceptor at the end of the ETC? For
example, what would happen if all of the oxygen
were consumed during the process of
phosphorylation, but reduced electron carriers
were still available?
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Explain why the versatility of catabolism through
cellular respiration allows organisms to survive in
many different conditions.
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Summarize the process of cellular respiration to
describe how organisms produce ATP through
catabolic pathways.
Homework
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Life on Earth is sometimes described as a cycle
by biologists. Explain why this ‘cycle’ can never
reach a point of equilibrium.
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Which molecule contains more energy: FAD or
FADH2? Explain your response.
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Is the conversion of FADH2 to FAD an example of
oxidation or reduction? Why?
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Suppose you are experimenting in a lab with an
organism that dies in the presence of oxygen.
Considering metabolic pathways, how would you
categorize this organism?
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Glycolysis is considered an anaerobic process.
What information can you determine from this
description?
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What carbon compound is created as a result of
glycolysis?
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What three energy storing compounds are created
through the citric acid cycle?
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What is the net gain of ATPs from the breakdown
of one glucose molecule at the end of the citric
acid cycle?
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When oxygen is present, oxidative
phosphorylation can yield 3 ATPs per NADH and 2
ATPs per FADH2. After the first three steps of
cellular respiration, we have 10 NADH molecules
and 2 FADH2 molecules. How many ATP
molecules can these electron carriers yield?
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Why does the valence number of an atom of
oxygen allow it to be a strong electron acceptor,
enabling more copious energy production?
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Why is the creation of a concentration gradient
essential for the process of oxidative
phosphorylation?
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How would a condition that caused the inability of
the previous steps of cellular respiration to create
NADH and FADH2 affect production of ATP
through oxidative phosphorylation?
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Compare the process of oxidative
phosphorylation to the synthesis or hydroelectric
power through using a dam.
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Which carbon compound yields more energy
through respiration, fats or carbohydrates?
Fermentation
Classwork
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Why must organisms resort to the process of
fermentation when electron acceptors are
unavailable?
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Do obligate aerobes engage in the process of
fermentation? Why or why not?
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Would fermentation occur in an organism that had
an ample supply of electron acceptors? Why or
why not?
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It may be said that in an absence of electron
acceptors, fermentation allows glycolysis to
occur. Why is this true?
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Swiss cheese is produced partially by the process
of fermentation. Hypothesize why Swiss cheese
has holes in it when completed.
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Imagine you are working as a sports medicine
physician. You are asked to devise a way that
athletes could perform strenuous activity without
the associated muscle burn. Provide a possible
solution for this problem.
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Does the process of fermentation itself produce
any ATP? Explain.
Homework
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In what way is glycolysis related to fermentation?
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What is the difference between lactic acid
fermentation and ethanol fermentation?
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What role does anaerobic respiration play in the
creation of alcoholic beverages, such as beer or
wine?
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Why do your muscles burn during a strenuous
physical activity?
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Suppose you are sitting in the lunch room when a
neighboring student makes the claim that ‘eating
bacteria would be so gross.’ You notice the
student has just eaten a yogurt. How do you reply
to this statement?
Photosynthesis
Classwork
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Based on the chemical equation, what
relationship exists between photosynthesis and
cellular respiration?
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Even though humans do not conduct
photosynthesis, our existence relies in this
process in two ways. Identify these two ways.
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In what way might photosynthesis and cellular
respiration be described as a cycle?
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Why might the addition of oxygen to Earth’s
atmosphere 2.5 BYA have been problematic for
the obligate anaerobes in existence at that time?
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Identify the primary electron carrier utilized in the
process of photosynthesis.
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Suppose you placed a plant in a container that
allowed only green, blue and indigo wavelengths
of light through. Would this plant be able to
conduct photosynthesis at a normal rate? Why or
why not?
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What role does chlorophyll play in the initiation of
the photosynthesis process?
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In what way does a concentration gradient play a
role in the light reaction process?
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What happens to an electron that has been
through photosystems II and I?
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What is the source of the oxygen produced in
non-cyclic energy transport?
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At what point in non-cyclic energy transport is
oxygen produced?
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In what way are the light-independent reactions
reliant upon the light-dependent reactions?
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What role did the Calvin Cycle play in the
origination of oxygen in our Earth’s atmosphere?
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When looking at a tree, you might realize the solid
form of the bark, tissue, roots and branches were
once another form of carbon. Explain this
thought process.
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Can the Calvin Cycle occur at nighttime? Explain
your response.
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How does burning fossil fuels add more carbon to
the carbon cycle?
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How is the carbon cycle related to the greenhouse
effect?
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Why is it important to consider long term, holistic
studies when analyzing climate change, as
opposed to isolated years and events?
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In what way does the existence of large, forested
areas such as the Amazon rainforest, help to
moderate Earth’s climate?
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Explain the relationship between the burning of
fossil fuels and climate change.
Homework
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Write the balanced chemical equations for
photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
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How are the products of cellular respiration
related to the reactants of photosynthesis?
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In photosynthesis, the reduction of NADP+ yields
what molecule?
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What is the name of the pigment that allows plant
cells to absorb sunlight and power
photosynthesis?
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Explain the ‘cyclic’ nature of cyclic energy
transport in photosynthesis?
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Sketch a thylakoid and label the following:
stroma, membrane, lumen.
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How is the production of ATP in the process of
cellular respiration similar to the production of
ATP in photosystems II and I?
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Would it be true to say that oxygen is a byproduct
of photosynthesis? Why or why not?
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What is the role of NADP+ in photosystem I?
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What role does CO2 play in the light-independent
reactions?
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Explain the term ‘carbon fixation.’
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Explain how the light-independent reactions are
responsible for the existence of carbohydrates on
Earth.
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Why are greenhouse gases necessary for the
maintenance of temperatures adequate to support
life on Earth?
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100
How did the death and preservation of prehistoric
plants and animals affect global temperature
trends?
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Energy Processing
Multiple Choice
Review
www.njctl.org
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Explain the concept of ‘anthropogenic climate
change.’