Chapter 25
... acid catabolism, is a product of amino acid catabolism, and is used in heme biosynthesis. ATP and NADPH serve critical roles in coupling catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is largely oxidative in nature, leading to reduction of cofactors NAD+ and FAD. Anabolic pathways are reductive with NADPH usu ...
... acid catabolism, is a product of amino acid catabolism, and is used in heme biosynthesis. ATP and NADPH serve critical roles in coupling catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is largely oxidative in nature, leading to reduction of cofactors NAD+ and FAD. Anabolic pathways are reductive with NADPH usu ...
Role of the non-respiratory pathways in the utilization of molecular
... ROS may partially explain such oxygen fluxes.25 However, in view of the properties of myxothiazol, which blocks ubiquinone auto-oxidation at the bc1 level,207 this hypothesis seems unlikely, since no difference could be detected between antimycin Aand myxothiazol-resistant oxygen fluxes in either wh ...
... ROS may partially explain such oxygen fluxes.25 However, in view of the properties of myxothiazol, which blocks ubiquinone auto-oxidation at the bc1 level,207 this hypothesis seems unlikely, since no difference could be detected between antimycin Aand myxothiazol-resistant oxygen fluxes in either wh ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... This irreversible reaction is the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (Figure 17.4). This reaction is a decisive reaction in metabolism: it commits the carbon atoms of carbohydrates to oxidation by the citric acid cycle or to the synthesis of lipids. Note that the pyruvate dehydrogenas ...
... This irreversible reaction is the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (Figure 17.4). This reaction is a decisive reaction in metabolism: it commits the carbon atoms of carbohydrates to oxidation by the citric acid cycle or to the synthesis of lipids. Note that the pyruvate dehydrogenas ...
reprint - Charles Brenner Laboratory
... fuel enters mitochondria, the mitochondrial coA pool could be largely acetylated/acylated and have little free coA available for a-KGDH to function. Second, when the ETC is running at capacity, the hydride transfer coenzymes will begin to accumulate in reduced (NADH and FADH2) forms, which limit for ...
... fuel enters mitochondria, the mitochondrial coA pool could be largely acetylated/acylated and have little free coA available for a-KGDH to function. Second, when the ETC is running at capacity, the hydride transfer coenzymes will begin to accumulate in reduced (NADH and FADH2) forms, which limit for ...
Glycolysis - WordPress.com
... are a net production of 1 ATP, 1 carbon dioxide Molecule, three reduced NAD molecules, 1 reduced FAD molecule (The molecules of NAD and FAD mentioned here are electron carriers, and if they are said to be reduced, this means that they have had a H+ ion added to them). The things produced here are fo ...
... are a net production of 1 ATP, 1 carbon dioxide Molecule, three reduced NAD molecules, 1 reduced FAD molecule (The molecules of NAD and FAD mentioned here are electron carriers, and if they are said to be reduced, this means that they have had a H+ ion added to them). The things produced here are fo ...
Cellular Respiration
... 1. *Please enter the user ID that you created (for example: Batman22). Be sure to use the same ID on the Post-Assessment. 2. *Rate your understanding of the 7E model. a. Poor b. Fair c. Adequate d. Good e. Excellent 3. *I am adequately prepared to deliver instruction from this training to my student ...
... 1. *Please enter the user ID that you created (for example: Batman22). Be sure to use the same ID on the Post-Assessment. 2. *Rate your understanding of the 7E model. a. Poor b. Fair c. Adequate d. Good e. Excellent 3. *I am adequately prepared to deliver instruction from this training to my student ...
03-1 Metabolism of carbohydrate
... Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH +2 H+ • The Energy released from the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate is -47 kcal mol-1. • Under aerobic conditions much more chemical bond energy can be extracted from pyruvate. ...
... Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH +2 H+ • The Energy released from the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate is -47 kcal mol-1. • Under aerobic conditions much more chemical bond energy can be extracted from pyruvate. ...
Theoretical Approaches to the Evolutionary Optimization of Glycolysis
... the reaction. If many molecules of ATP are produced, it implies a good exploitation of the fuel, but very low global exergonism and a poor chemical affinity, and so a very poor ATP flux. (b) The distribution of local exergonisms along the pathway. The thermodynamic analysis developed in [14] led to ...
... the reaction. If many molecules of ATP are produced, it implies a good exploitation of the fuel, but very low global exergonism and a poor chemical affinity, and so a very poor ATP flux. (b) The distribution of local exergonisms along the pathway. The thermodynamic analysis developed in [14] led to ...
GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS
... hydrolyzes to 3-phosphoglycerate before an ATP can be made. The product, however, is the same—3-phosphoglycerate—so glycolysis can continue as normal. But what has happened is that this step no longer makes an ATP for each three-carbon fragment. You lose 2 ATPs per glucose— all the net ATP productio ...
... hydrolyzes to 3-phosphoglycerate before an ATP can be made. The product, however, is the same—3-phosphoglycerate—so glycolysis can continue as normal. But what has happened is that this step no longer makes an ATP for each three-carbon fragment. You lose 2 ATPs per glucose— all the net ATP productio ...
on the potential efficiency of converting solar radiation to phytoenergy
... irradiance at any time and place may depart from these values because of differences in time ⁄ date, location and sky conditions, but the relative spectral distribution represents general daylight well. (b) Spectral photon flux area density corresponding to irradiance in (a), with the 400–700 nm wav ...
... irradiance at any time and place may depart from these values because of differences in time ⁄ date, location and sky conditions, but the relative spectral distribution represents general daylight well. (b) Spectral photon flux area density corresponding to irradiance in (a), with the 400–700 nm wav ...
A structural comparison of molybdenum cofactor
... eubacteria and include among others DMSO reductase, the dissimilatory nitrate reductases, several formate dehydrogenases and pyrogallol-phloroglucinol transhydroxylase (Table 1). With the exception of transhydroxylase, most of these enzymes serve as terminal reductases in the absence of oxygen and t ...
... eubacteria and include among others DMSO reductase, the dissimilatory nitrate reductases, several formate dehydrogenases and pyrogallol-phloroglucinol transhydroxylase (Table 1). With the exception of transhydroxylase, most of these enzymes serve as terminal reductases in the absence of oxygen and t ...
Chapter 8
... Exchange Rxn 2 establishes steps a,b and c. Exchange Rxns 3 and 4 establish steps a and b. Succinate Dehydrogenase. At this point all of the reactions that result in reduction in carbon chain length are complete, 2 CO2 have been eliminated 2 NADH and 1 ATP have been made and we are back with a 4-car ...
... Exchange Rxn 2 establishes steps a,b and c. Exchange Rxns 3 and 4 establish steps a and b. Succinate Dehydrogenase. At this point all of the reactions that result in reduction in carbon chain length are complete, 2 CO2 have been eliminated 2 NADH and 1 ATP have been made and we are back with a 4-car ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... Alternative: presenting another good plant/stressor response to study and why we should choose it over the ones already presented. ...
... Alternative: presenting another good plant/stressor response to study and why we should choose it over the ones already presented. ...
LIPID METABOLISM - Orange Coast College
... Stored in large quantities in cells Non-reactive with other cell components Segregated into lipid droplets Do not affect osmolarity of cytosol ...
... Stored in large quantities in cells Non-reactive with other cell components Segregated into lipid droplets Do not affect osmolarity of cytosol ...
Incomplete citric acid cycle obliges aminolevulinic
... to oxaloacetate is incomplete, lacking 2-oxoglutarate and succinate and malate dehydrogenase activities. Furthermore, alternative routes of 2-oxoglutarate oxidation to succinate are undetectable. The enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle are also absent. This suggests that the cycle in M. methylotrophus h ...
... to oxaloacetate is incomplete, lacking 2-oxoglutarate and succinate and malate dehydrogenase activities. Furthermore, alternative routes of 2-oxoglutarate oxidation to succinate are undetectable. The enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle are also absent. This suggests that the cycle in M. methylotrophus h ...
Electron tomography of plant thylakoid membranes
... understood. Electron cryo-tomography (cryo-ET) is a powerful new technique for visualizing cellular structures, especially membranes, in three dimensions. By this technique, large membrane protein complexes, such as the photosystem II supercomplex or the chloroplast ATP synthase, can be visualized d ...
... understood. Electron cryo-tomography (cryo-ET) is a powerful new technique for visualizing cellular structures, especially membranes, in three dimensions. By this technique, large membrane protein complexes, such as the photosystem II supercomplex or the chloroplast ATP synthase, can be visualized d ...
Carbohydrates Metabolism OVERVIEW Carbohydrates (saccharides
... TCA cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle, plays several roles in metabolism. It is the final pathway where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2. This oxidation provides energy for the p ...
... TCA cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle, plays several roles in metabolism. It is the final pathway where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2. This oxidation provides energy for the p ...
chapter 15: answers to selected problems
... and pass these electrons from one enzyme to another, eventually placing them on an oxygen atom. Each enzyme simultaneously pumps hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, using the energy from the electron transport reactions to carry out this active transport. 15.71 Th ...
... and pass these electrons from one enzyme to another, eventually placing them on an oxygen atom. Each enzyme simultaneously pumps hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, using the energy from the electron transport reactions to carry out this active transport. 15.71 Th ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.