–plasma-membrane junctions by Kv2.1 Induction of stable ER potassium channels
... Consistent with this idea, we have recently discovered that in both HEK 293 cells and hippocampal neurons, multiple membrane proteins are preferentially trafficked to and from the plasma membrane at the perimeter of Kv2.1 clusters, suggesting the clusters define cell surface trafficking hubs (Deutsc ...
... Consistent with this idea, we have recently discovered that in both HEK 293 cells and hippocampal neurons, multiple membrane proteins are preferentially trafficked to and from the plasma membrane at the perimeter of Kv2.1 clusters, suggesting the clusters define cell surface trafficking hubs (Deutsc ...
Oxidative-stress-induced nuclear to cytoplasmic relocalization is
... cyclin C in vitro by utilizing Lys48, a ubiquitin linkage associated with directing substrates to the 26S proteasome. Before its degradation, cyclin C, but not Cdk8p, translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This translocation requires both the cell-wallintegrity MAPK module and phospholipase ...
... cyclin C in vitro by utilizing Lys48, a ubiquitin linkage associated with directing substrates to the 26S proteasome. Before its degradation, cyclin C, but not Cdk8p, translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This translocation requires both the cell-wallintegrity MAPK module and phospholipase ...
Photoactivatable GFP tagging cassettes for protein
... insights into the steady state distribution of the protein over time. However, in order to track protein movement within the cell, more complex imaging experiments, such as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), are required. FRAP is traditionally performed by selectively photobleaching ...
... insights into the steady state distribution of the protein over time. However, in order to track protein movement within the cell, more complex imaging experiments, such as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), are required. FRAP is traditionally performed by selectively photobleaching ...
Effects of Episodic Turbulence on Diatoms, with Comments on the Use of Evans Blue Stain for Live-Dead Determinations
... Figure A4: Spectral emissions before and after ‘blank’ run (ex=280nm). There was little difference between the before and after samples, indicating that the propeller was not a source of DOM to the aquarium………………………………………………………....57 ...
... Figure A4: Spectral emissions before and after ‘blank’ run (ex=280nm). There was little difference between the before and after samples, indicating that the propeller was not a source of DOM to the aquarium………………………………………………………....57 ...
golgi apparatus, gerl, and lysosomes of neurons in rat dorsal root
... mature zymogen is ultimately released to the acinar lumen by fusion of the vacuole membranes with the plasma membrane . Electron microscope evidence from many laboratories suggests that in a wide variety of animal and plant cell types condensation of secretory and lysosomal proteins occurs in the sa ...
... mature zymogen is ultimately released to the acinar lumen by fusion of the vacuole membranes with the plasma membrane . Electron microscope evidence from many laboratories suggests that in a wide variety of animal and plant cell types condensation of secretory and lysosomal proteins occurs in the sa ...
Induction of stable ER–plasma-membrane junctions by Kv2.1
... Consistent with this idea, we have recently discovered that in both HEK 293 cells and hippocampal neurons, multiple membrane proteins are preferentially trafficked to and from the plasma membrane at the perimeter of Kv2.1 clusters, suggesting the clusters define cell surface trafficking hubs (Deutsc ...
... Consistent with this idea, we have recently discovered that in both HEK 293 cells and hippocampal neurons, multiple membrane proteins are preferentially trafficked to and from the plasma membrane at the perimeter of Kv2.1 clusters, suggesting the clusters define cell surface trafficking hubs (Deutsc ...
What`s the Difference? Efficient Set Reconciliation without
... are particularly interested in optimizing the case when the set difference is small (e.g., the two nodes have almost the same set of routing updates to reconcile, or the two nodes have a large amount of duplicate data blocks) and when there is no prior communication or context between the two nodes. ...
... are particularly interested in optimizing the case when the set difference is small (e.g., the two nodes have almost the same set of routing updates to reconcile, or the two nodes have a large amount of duplicate data blocks) and when there is no prior communication or context between the two nodes. ...
Stomatal Size, Speed, and Responsiveness
... magnitude greater than CO2 uptake, which is an inevitable consequence of free diffusion across this pathway. Although the cumulative area of stomatal pores only represents a small fraction of the leaf surface, typically less than 3%, some 98% of all CO2 taken up and water lost passes through these p ...
... magnitude greater than CO2 uptake, which is an inevitable consequence of free diffusion across this pathway. Although the cumulative area of stomatal pores only represents a small fraction of the leaf surface, typically less than 3%, some 98% of all CO2 taken up and water lost passes through these p ...
The dehydratase ADT3 affects ROS homeostasis
... cells, which lack oil bodies and normal plastids. Interestingly, upregulation of the pathway ...
... cells, which lack oil bodies and normal plastids. Interestingly, upregulation of the pathway ...
Interaction of PIN and PGP transport mechanisms in auxin
... al., 2006). Importantly, PIN proteins show distinct polar subcellular localization that determines auxin flux direction, as predicted by classical models of directional auxin transport (Wisniewska et al., 2006). The dynamic regulation of the intracellular movement of PINs, their polar targeting and ...
... al., 2006). Importantly, PIN proteins show distinct polar subcellular localization that determines auxin flux direction, as predicted by classical models of directional auxin transport (Wisniewska et al., 2006). The dynamic regulation of the intracellular movement of PINs, their polar targeting and ...
Fibronectin and Other Adhesive Glycoproteins
... 2009). Genetically manipulated mice that lacked EDA developed normally, but with a shorter life span, abnormal wound healing, and edematous granulation tissue (Muro et al. 2003), suggesting that EDA is not required for embryonic development but is important for a normal life span and emphasizing the ...
... 2009). Genetically manipulated mice that lacked EDA developed normally, but with a shorter life span, abnormal wound healing, and edematous granulation tissue (Muro et al. 2003), suggesting that EDA is not required for embryonic development but is important for a normal life span and emphasizing the ...
FOCAL ADHESION KINASE: IN COMMAND AND CONTROL OF
... either cis or trans 35. Phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr397 creates a motif that is recognized by various SH2-DOMAINcontaining proteins, such as SRC-FAMILY KINASES (SFKs), phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ), suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS), growth-factor-receptor-bound protein-7 (GRB7), the Shc adaptor p ...
... either cis or trans 35. Phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr397 creates a motif that is recognized by various SH2-DOMAINcontaining proteins, such as SRC-FAMILY KINASES (SFKs), phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ), suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS), growth-factor-receptor-bound protein-7 (GRB7), the Shc adaptor p ...
Deep Insight Section Mechanisms and regulation of autophagy in mammalian cells
... been shown to involve SNAREs in yeast and mammalian cells (Moreau et al., 2011; Nair et al., 2011). Atg8 proteins can also serve as a scaffold for recruiting proteins that may regulate events upstream and downstream of the formation of autophagosomes (Garcia-Marcos et al., 2011; Itoh et al., 2011; M ...
... been shown to involve SNAREs in yeast and mammalian cells (Moreau et al., 2011; Nair et al., 2011). Atg8 proteins can also serve as a scaffold for recruiting proteins that may regulate events upstream and downstream of the formation of autophagosomes (Garcia-Marcos et al., 2011; Itoh et al., 2011; M ...
... proposal is that the rapid Golgi movement in plant cells allows the Golgi to continually collect vesicles budding from the ER (the vacuum cleaner model; Boevink et al., 1998). In this view, vesicles are thought to bud out from the ER, so Golgi bodies must continually move to collect them. A second m ...
Inhibitory Regulation of Higher-Plant Myosin by
... was not reversible upon Ca21 removal. An 18-kD polypeptide that showed the same mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as that of spinach calmodulin (CaM) was present in this myosin fraction. This polypeptide showed a mobility shift in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryla ...
... was not reversible upon Ca21 removal. An 18-kD polypeptide that showed the same mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as that of spinach calmodulin (CaM) was present in this myosin fraction. This polypeptide showed a mobility shift in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryla ...
The Differential Degradation of Two Cytosolic Proteins As a Tool to
... Cell Fractionation of Isolated Hepatocytes Fed male Wistar rats (200 g) were anesthetized and the liver was perfused with collagenase through the portal vein according to Beynen et al. (1979). The hepatocytes (wet weight 7.5 g total) were recovered and diluted 10 times in Krvbs-Ringer containing 1 n ...
... Cell Fractionation of Isolated Hepatocytes Fed male Wistar rats (200 g) were anesthetized and the liver was perfused with collagenase through the portal vein according to Beynen et al. (1979). The hepatocytes (wet weight 7.5 g total) were recovered and diluted 10 times in Krvbs-Ringer containing 1 n ...
PDF + SI
... 0.63 nmol兾mg for C6 cells, which presupposes the spontaneous release of D-serine from glial cells. We next examined the effect of glutamate (1 mM) application on D-serine. In astrocytes, glutamate consistently evoked a rapid release of the gliotransmitter (Fig. 2 A), a response also seen in C6 cells ...
... 0.63 nmol兾mg for C6 cells, which presupposes the spontaneous release of D-serine from glial cells. We next examined the effect of glutamate (1 mM) application on D-serine. In astrocytes, glutamate consistently evoked a rapid release of the gliotransmitter (Fig. 2 A), a response also seen in C6 cells ...
EGFR/Ras Signaling Controls Drosophila Intestinal Stem
... epithelium [5], understanding the precise functions of EGFR signaling in epithelial homeostasis is very important. The Drosophila midgut is an outstanding model system to study the basis of epithelial homeostasis due to its simple structure, similarity to the mammalian intestine, and powerful geneti ...
... epithelium [5], understanding the precise functions of EGFR signaling in epithelial homeostasis is very important. The Drosophila midgut is an outstanding model system to study the basis of epithelial homeostasis due to its simple structure, similarity to the mammalian intestine, and powerful geneti ...
b-Arrestin1 and Distinct CXCR4 Structures Are Required for Stromal
... for many normal cells, CXCR4 chemotactic signaling drives cancer metastasis, including breast cancer (Liu et al., 2010), lymphoma (Wu et al., 2009), and neuroectodermal cancers (Domanska et al., 2013). The diverse physiologic roles of CXCR4 are highlighted by the effects of genetic knockout of eithe ...
... for many normal cells, CXCR4 chemotactic signaling drives cancer metastasis, including breast cancer (Liu et al., 2010), lymphoma (Wu et al., 2009), and neuroectodermal cancers (Domanska et al., 2013). The diverse physiologic roles of CXCR4 are highlighted by the effects of genetic knockout of eithe ...
The 21-day postnatal rat ventricular cardiac muscle cell in culture as
... medium to the experimental set of cardiomyocytes. DMSO (Sigma; 0.02%), the vehicle for TPA, was added to the control set of cardiomyocytes. Cell cycle-specific expression array protocol RNA isolated from 21-day ventricular cardiac muscle cells cultured in the presence or absence of TPA was dissolved ...
... medium to the experimental set of cardiomyocytes. DMSO (Sigma; 0.02%), the vehicle for TPA, was added to the control set of cardiomyocytes. Cell cycle-specific expression array protocol RNA isolated from 21-day ventricular cardiac muscle cells cultured in the presence or absence of TPA was dissolved ...
Pax1/Pax9 and vertebral column development
... Interestingly, the lateral derivatives of the sclerotomes, the neural arches, are formed in the absence of Pax1 and Pax9, although they were found to have an abnormal shape (Fig. 2D). Moreover, in the lumbar region, ectopic cartilage formation is detectable in the dorsal region between adjacent neur ...
... Interestingly, the lateral derivatives of the sclerotomes, the neural arches, are formed in the absence of Pax1 and Pax9, although they were found to have an abnormal shape (Fig. 2D). Moreover, in the lumbar region, ectopic cartilage formation is detectable in the dorsal region between adjacent neur ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.