The actin cytoskeleton is a target of the self
... prior to the formation of punctate foci of actin at the cell cortex. Although the SI response can be reproduced in pollen tubes that have been grown for several hours, this is not what generally happens in vivo, where inhibition normally occurs in pollen grains, either before or soon after germinati ...
... prior to the formation of punctate foci of actin at the cell cortex. Although the SI response can be reproduced in pollen tubes that have been grown for several hours, this is not what generally happens in vivo, where inhibition normally occurs in pollen grains, either before or soon after germinati ...
Mechanisms of transport through the Golgi complex
... identified by Rios, Bornens and colleagues, this protein localizes to the Golgi and is involved in Golgi organization (Infante et al., 1999; Rios et al., 2004). Strikingly, overexpression of GMAP-210 in mammalian cells causes the accumulation of large aggregates of small vesicles that are 50 nm in d ...
... identified by Rios, Bornens and colleagues, this protein localizes to the Golgi and is involved in Golgi organization (Infante et al., 1999; Rios et al., 2004). Strikingly, overexpression of GMAP-210 in mammalian cells causes the accumulation of large aggregates of small vesicles that are 50 nm in d ...
Micronuclei and the Cytoplasm of Growing Tetrahymena Contain a
... specificity for H4 when tested with free histone, its utilization of unique deposition acetylation sites in H4, its unusual temperature "inactivation" profile, and, importantly, its inability to acetylate histone in a chromatin form, all suggest that this acetylase activity is different from the mac ...
... specificity for H4 when tested with free histone, its utilization of unique deposition acetylation sites in H4, its unusual temperature "inactivation" profile, and, importantly, its inability to acetylate histone in a chromatin form, all suggest that this acetylase activity is different from the mac ...
iv Molecular Mechanisms of Notochord Vacuole
... as it marks the beginning of our phylum, chordata. In vertebrates the notochord arises from the dorsal organizer, also known as the embryonic shield in zebrafish, and is critical for proper vertebrate development (Saude et al., 2000; Shih and Fraser, 1996). The notochord is an important midline stru ...
... as it marks the beginning of our phylum, chordata. In vertebrates the notochord arises from the dorsal organizer, also known as the embryonic shield in zebrafish, and is critical for proper vertebrate development (Saude et al., 2000; Shih and Fraser, 1996). The notochord is an important midline stru ...
Core Transcriptional Regulatory Circuit Controlled by the
... expanded in immunocompromised mice without any exposure to in vitro culture. Aberrant expression of TAL1 in both primagrafts and the CCRF-CEM cell line is due to an 90-kb SIL-TAL deletion. The activity of the TAL1 antibody used was validated by ChIP followed by western blot analysis with a differen ...
... expanded in immunocompromised mice without any exposure to in vitro culture. Aberrant expression of TAL1 in both primagrafts and the CCRF-CEM cell line is due to an 90-kb SIL-TAL deletion. The activity of the TAL1 antibody used was validated by ChIP followed by western blot analysis with a differen ...
The mitochondrial compartment - Plant Mitochondrial dynamics
... Boyle et al., 1999), are involved in the dimerization of the F1F0-ATPase and cristae biogenesis and morphology (Paumard et al., 2002). However, although these subunits are conserved between yeast and mammals there are no significant homologues in Arabidopsis. In S. cerevisiae, absence of either subu ...
... Boyle et al., 1999), are involved in the dimerization of the F1F0-ATPase and cristae biogenesis and morphology (Paumard et al., 2002). However, although these subunits are conserved between yeast and mammals there are no significant homologues in Arabidopsis. In S. cerevisiae, absence of either subu ...
Chato, a KRAB zinc-finger protein, regulates
... proposed that defects in axial mesendoderm extension in mouse Vangl2 [also known as loop-tail (Lp)] mutant embryos are caused by defective midline cell intercalation in the node area (Ybot-Gonzalez et al., 2007). Although it is clear that non-canonical Wnt signaling contributes to the elongation of ...
... proposed that defects in axial mesendoderm extension in mouse Vangl2 [also known as loop-tail (Lp)] mutant embryos are caused by defective midline cell intercalation in the node area (Ybot-Gonzalez et al., 2007). Although it is clear that non-canonical Wnt signaling contributes to the elongation of ...
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... channels, receptors, and other membrane proteins; secreted proteins; kinases and signaling proteins; and several proteins with unknown functions (supplementary material Table S1). Modulation of Smad4 translocation can be due to an upstream effect on the pathway, for example modulation of R-Smads, or ...
... channels, receptors, and other membrane proteins; secreted proteins; kinases and signaling proteins; and several proteins with unknown functions (supplementary material Table S1). Modulation of Smad4 translocation can be due to an upstream effect on the pathway, for example modulation of R-Smads, or ...
Plant Growth Regulators II: Cytokinins, their Analogues and
... Cytokinins comprise a separate class of growth substances and growth regulators. They produce various effects when applied to intact plants. They particularly stimulate protein synthesis and participate in cell cycle control. It is perhaps for this reason that they can promote the maturation of chlo ...
... Cytokinins comprise a separate class of growth substances and growth regulators. They produce various effects when applied to intact plants. They particularly stimulate protein synthesis and participate in cell cycle control. It is perhaps for this reason that they can promote the maturation of chlo ...
Keeping the immune system in check: a role for mitophagy
... Immunology and Cell Biology (2015) 93, 3–10 & 2015 Australasian Society for Immunology Inc. All rights reserved 0818-9641/15 www.nature.com/icb ...
... Immunology and Cell Biology (2015) 93, 3–10 & 2015 Australasian Society for Immunology Inc. All rights reserved 0818-9641/15 www.nature.com/icb ...
Par3/Baz levels control epithelial folding at actomyosin
... Epithelial sheet bending is ubiquitous in animal development and essential to elaborate the complex anatomy of the body. It is observed throughout development, from the invaginations and involutions of gastrulation to the folding of organ tissues (Keller and Shook, 2011; Bazin-Lopez et al., 2015). T ...
... Epithelial sheet bending is ubiquitous in animal development and essential to elaborate the complex anatomy of the body. It is observed throughout development, from the invaginations and involutions of gastrulation to the folding of organ tissues (Keller and Shook, 2011; Bazin-Lopez et al., 2015). T ...
Cathepsin D released by lactating rat mammary epithelial cells is
... detection kit was from Amersham (UK). Cathepsin D from bovine spleen and all other reagents were obtained from Sigma. Preparation and incubation of mammary gland fragments and acini Mammary tissues from lactating rats dissected free of connective and adipose tissues were cut into small fragments (1- ...
... detection kit was from Amersham (UK). Cathepsin D from bovine spleen and all other reagents were obtained from Sigma. Preparation and incubation of mammary gland fragments and acini Mammary tissues from lactating rats dissected free of connective and adipose tissues were cut into small fragments (1- ...
Architecture and Biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell
... of the wall, has a central role in cross-linking wall components (Kollar et al. 1997). Some mannoproteins have or are predicted to have enzymatic activity as hydrolases or crosslinkers; others may have structural roles or mediate “social activity” by serving as mating agglutinins or flocculins. Among ...
... of the wall, has a central role in cross-linking wall components (Kollar et al. 1997). Some mannoproteins have or are predicted to have enzymatic activity as hydrolases or crosslinkers; others may have structural roles or mediate “social activity” by serving as mating agglutinins or flocculins. Among ...
Gain and Loss of Photosynthetic Membranes during
... proplastids and that these become chloroplasts only in the primordial leaves. Here, we show that plastids of the SAM are neither homogeneous nor necessarily null. Rather, their developmental state varies with the specific region and/or layer of the SAM in which they are found. Plastids throughout th ...
... proplastids and that these become chloroplasts only in the primordial leaves. Here, we show that plastids of the SAM are neither homogeneous nor necessarily null. Rather, their developmental state varies with the specific region and/or layer of the SAM in which they are found. Plastids throughout th ...
Proliferation and morphogenesis of the ER driven by the membrane
... et al., 1996; Fukuda et al., 2001; Li et al., 2003; Snapp et al., 2003; Lingwood et al., 2009; ...
... et al., 1996; Fukuda et al., 2001; Li et al., 2003; Snapp et al., 2003; Lingwood et al., 2009; ...
Enhancement of Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis and Bone Formation by
... The cell functions, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, are regulated by the intimate interaction of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells. Fibronectin (Fn), a unique dimeric glycoprotein, is one of the major ECM components. It is composed of two similar but nonide ...
... The cell functions, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, are regulated by the intimate interaction of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells. Fibronectin (Fn), a unique dimeric glycoprotein, is one of the major ECM components. It is composed of two similar but nonide ...
Multiple classes of yeast mutants are defective in vacuole
... Vacuole segregation and protein transport pathways are interrelated processes. For example, vacuolar proteins required for vacuole partitioning must be correctly localized to the vacuole. In addition, some components may be involved both in protein transport and vacuole segregation. The Class D vacu ...
... Vacuole segregation and protein transport pathways are interrelated processes. For example, vacuolar proteins required for vacuole partitioning must be correctly localized to the vacuole. In addition, some components may be involved both in protein transport and vacuole segregation. The Class D vacu ...
Title Determination of Cathepsins D and E in Various Tissues and
... endorphin and substance P were suppressed completely by pepstatin and were not affected in the presence of other inhibitors such as E-64 and leupeptin (data not shown), showing that these activities were due to cathepsins D and E. The levels of cathepsins D and E in various tissues were calculated b ...
... endorphin and substance P were suppressed completely by pepstatin and were not affected in the presence of other inhibitors such as E-64 and leupeptin (data not shown), showing that these activities were due to cathepsins D and E. The levels of cathepsins D and E in various tissues were calculated b ...
Evolution of acidocalcisomes and their role in polyphosphate
... (Lu et al. 1998). Physiological experiments in L. donovani also suggested the presence of the V-Hþ-ATPase and the V-Hþ-PPase in different compartments (Rodrigues et al. 1999b). The V-Hþ-PPase also exists elsewhere in some species. It was initially described in chromatophore membranes of Rhodospirill ...
... (Lu et al. 1998). Physiological experiments in L. donovani also suggested the presence of the V-Hþ-ATPase and the V-Hþ-PPase in different compartments (Rodrigues et al. 1999b). The V-Hþ-PPase also exists elsewhere in some species. It was initially described in chromatophore membranes of Rhodospirill ...
Evolution of acidocalcisomes and their role in polyphosphate
... (Lu et al. 1998). Physiological experiments in L. donovani also suggested the presence of the V-Hþ-ATPase and the V-Hþ-PPase in different compartments (Rodrigues et al. 1999b). The V-Hþ-PPase also exists elsewhere in some species. It was initially described in chromatophore membranes of Rhodospirill ...
... (Lu et al. 1998). Physiological experiments in L. donovani also suggested the presence of the V-Hþ-ATPase and the V-Hþ-PPase in different compartments (Rodrigues et al. 1999b). The V-Hþ-PPase also exists elsewhere in some species. It was initially described in chromatophore membranes of Rhodospirill ...
Cytokinins regulate vascular morphogenesis in the Arabidopsis
... with occasional drying, when growing on streams or mudflats, but they were still tightly depended on living on water. To successfully accomplish the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life, several structural and functional changes had to occur in plants. Adaptation was necessary, especially for ...
... with occasional drying, when growing on streams or mudflats, but they were still tightly depended on living on water. To successfully accomplish the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life, several structural and functional changes had to occur in plants. Adaptation was necessary, especially for ...
Separate Functions of Gelsolin Mediate Sequential Steps of
... ously (Arora et al., 2003) followed by washing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The number of beads plated per dish was adjusted to produce final bead:cell ratios specific for each experiment. Cells were counted electronically, and the cell concentration was adjusted before plating cells on dis ...
... ously (Arora et al., 2003) followed by washing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The number of beads plated per dish was adjusted to produce final bead:cell ratios specific for each experiment. Cells were counted electronically, and the cell concentration was adjusted before plating cells on dis ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.