Logistics of water and salt transport through the plant
... The principal conducting cells of the xylem are the tracheary elements of which there are two types: the tracheids and the vessel elements. Both tracheary elements develop normally from proliferating cells from the procambium and vascular cambium. When fully differentiated the end walls of the vesse ...
... The principal conducting cells of the xylem are the tracheary elements of which there are two types: the tracheids and the vessel elements. Both tracheary elements develop normally from proliferating cells from the procambium and vascular cambium. When fully differentiated the end walls of the vesse ...
Rho signaling pathway and apical constriction in the - ICB-USP
... through an increase in placodal cell death, we performed drug washout experiments. Embryos treated for 6 h with 2.5 lg ml21 CD that presented placodes arrested in the pre-invagination stage were rinsed with saline solution to remove CD and reincubated for further 12 h. After reincubation, 100% (n 5 ...
... through an increase in placodal cell death, we performed drug washout experiments. Embryos treated for 6 h with 2.5 lg ml21 CD that presented placodes arrested in the pre-invagination stage were rinsed with saline solution to remove CD and reincubated for further 12 h. After reincubation, 100% (n 5 ...
A B23-interacting sequence as a tool to visualize protein interactions
... Journal of Cell Science 120, 265-275 Published by The Company of Biologists 2007 ...
... Journal of Cell Science 120, 265-275 Published by The Company of Biologists 2007 ...
PLEKHM1/DEF8/RAB7 complex regulates lysosome positioning and
... Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that are capable of resorbing calcified cartilage and bone matrix during skeletal development, homeostasis, and repair (1). Increased osteoclast number or activity leads to bone loss in metabolic bone diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (2). Conversely, ...
... Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that are capable of resorbing calcified cartilage and bone matrix during skeletal development, homeostasis, and repair (1). Increased osteoclast number or activity leads to bone loss in metabolic bone diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (2). Conversely, ...
Ixodes scapularis the Saliva of the Lyme Disease Vector Tick
... to humans and livestock (reviewed in Ref. 7 and 21). Much attention has been given to the nature of the immune response to ticks as well as to the effects of tick infestations on the host’s immune competence (7, 9, 21). Tick infestation of mice has been shown to result in significant modulations of ...
... to humans and livestock (reviewed in Ref. 7 and 21). Much attention has been given to the nature of the immune response to ticks as well as to the effects of tick infestations on the host’s immune competence (7, 9, 21). Tick infestation of mice has been shown to result in significant modulations of ...
Floral and Leaf Anatomy of Hibiscus Species
... foliar trichomes, have been observed. Nwachukwu and Mbagwu [25] reported on anatomical features of the roots and leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Abelmoschus esculenta results obtained from it showed presence of long chain and numerous epidermal cells in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis while they are sho ...
... foliar trichomes, have been observed. Nwachukwu and Mbagwu [25] reported on anatomical features of the roots and leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Abelmoschus esculenta results obtained from it showed presence of long chain and numerous epidermal cells in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis while they are sho ...
Transcriptional regulation of mammalian autophagy at a glance
... referred to as p53) has been described to inhibit mTORC1 and thus to activate autophagy, several studies have shown that cytoplasmic p53 is a potent inhibitor of autophagy. The mechanisms for this inhibition are largely unknown (Green and Kroemer, 2009); however, post-transcriptional downregulation ...
... referred to as p53) has been described to inhibit mTORC1 and thus to activate autophagy, several studies have shown that cytoplasmic p53 is a potent inhibitor of autophagy. The mechanisms for this inhibition are largely unknown (Green and Kroemer, 2009); however, post-transcriptional downregulation ...
Assembly of RecA-like Recombinases
... culture of diploid cells was arrested in G2兾M with the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole. Cells were arrested at the G2兾M phase of the cell cycle to avoid detection of the RPA foci that form in undamaged cells as a normal part of S phase (29). In addition to being arrested in G2兾M, cells were treated ...
... culture of diploid cells was arrested in G2兾M with the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole. Cells were arrested at the G2兾M phase of the cell cycle to avoid detection of the RPA foci that form in undamaged cells as a normal part of S phase (29). In addition to being arrested in G2兾M, cells were treated ...
Functional Analysis of Class 1 RSL Genes in Caulonema and
... cytoskeleton and causes apical cells to swell without tip growth. These data indicate actin and microtubule cytoskeletons are required for caulonema differentiation in protonema development. Another gene, PpHXK1 (hexokinase of P. patens), regulates caulonema differentiation (Thelander et al., 2005). ...
... cytoskeleton and causes apical cells to swell without tip growth. These data indicate actin and microtubule cytoskeletons are required for caulonema differentiation in protonema development. Another gene, PpHXK1 (hexokinase of P. patens), regulates caulonema differentiation (Thelander et al., 2005). ...
Differential Auxin-Transporting Activities of PIN
... lyze auxin efflux at the cellular level. On the other hand, PIN5 and PIN8 possess a very short putative central loop (hereafter called short-looped PINs). Although PIN5 was recently shown to be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and proposed to transport auxin metabolites into the ER lumen, ...
... lyze auxin efflux at the cellular level. On the other hand, PIN5 and PIN8 possess a very short putative central loop (hereafter called short-looped PINs). Although PIN5 was recently shown to be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and proposed to transport auxin metabolites into the ER lumen, ...
Caspary T, Larkins CE, Anderson KV. Dev Cell. 2007 May;12(5):767-78. The graded response to Sonic Hedgehog depends on cilia architecture.
... Arl13b protein is localized to cilia. Double mutant analysis indicates that Gli3 repressor activity is normal in hnn embryos, but Gli activators are constitutively active at low levels. Thus, normal structure of the ciliary axoneme is required for the cell to translate different levels of Shh ligand ...
... Arl13b protein is localized to cilia. Double mutant analysis indicates that Gli3 repressor activity is normal in hnn embryos, but Gli activators are constitutively active at low levels. Thus, normal structure of the ciliary axoneme is required for the cell to translate different levels of Shh ligand ...
Effects of cyclophosphamide treatment before
... intravenously) was given to pregnant rabbits before implantation, a high percentage of deformed fetuses was found on days 11, 17 and 30 p. c. (post-coitum), suggesting that the substance may penetrate into the blastocysts even before implantation and interfere with normal development. Gottschewski's ...
... intravenously) was given to pregnant rabbits before implantation, a high percentage of deformed fetuses was found on days 11, 17 and 30 p. c. (post-coitum), suggesting that the substance may penetrate into the blastocysts even before implantation and interfere with normal development. Gottschewski's ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... shown that addition of the caspase-3 inhibitor, Ac-DEVDCHO, prior to SI induction significantly reduced SI-specific pollen-tube inhibition as well as DNA fragmentation. In contrast, use of the caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CHO showed that a caspase-1-like/YVADase activity was not involved (Thomas and ...
... shown that addition of the caspase-3 inhibitor, Ac-DEVDCHO, prior to SI induction significantly reduced SI-specific pollen-tube inhibition as well as DNA fragmentation. In contrast, use of the caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CHO showed that a caspase-1-like/YVADase activity was not involved (Thomas and ...
Long-Term Acclimation of the Cyanobacterium
... the level of which more than doubled after 24 h at HL2 (Supplemental Fig. S2). Growth rates of the cultures were accelerating with light intensity reaching the maximum at HL2 (Table I), a further increase in light intensity to 600 mE m22 s21 started to inhibit growth (data not shown), although cell ...
... the level of which more than doubled after 24 h at HL2 (Supplemental Fig. S2). Growth rates of the cultures were accelerating with light intensity reaching the maximum at HL2 (Table I), a further increase in light intensity to 600 mE m22 s21 started to inhibit growth (data not shown), although cell ...
Masking the Pathogen: Evolutionary Strategies of Fungi and Their
... cell wall [7,8]. Bacterial capsules are made up of long PS chains, which are typically negatively-charged and generate a highly hydrated capsular layer. When examined under the microscope, capsules appear swollen due to an increase in refractive index and this is the basis of the Quellung reaction [ ...
... cell wall [7,8]. Bacterial capsules are made up of long PS chains, which are typically negatively-charged and generate a highly hydrated capsular layer. When examined under the microscope, capsules appear swollen due to an increase in refractive index and this is the basis of the Quellung reaction [ ...
Ca2+ signalling and control of guard-cell volume in stomatal
... external stimuli [37–40]. In guard cells, however, these oscillations often take place over periods of more than 10 min, with discrete [Ca2+]i maxima lasting for 2–4 min or more when evoked by a rise in the extracellular Ca2+ concentration or CO2 [40,41]. A similar oscillation pattern has now been o ...
... external stimuli [37–40]. In guard cells, however, these oscillations often take place over periods of more than 10 min, with discrete [Ca2+]i maxima lasting for 2–4 min or more when evoked by a rise in the extracellular Ca2+ concentration or CO2 [40,41]. A similar oscillation pattern has now been o ...
Control of Cell Pattern in the Neural Tube: Motor Neuron Induction
... Neural crest cells were defined by their migratory properties, the surface expression of the HNK-1, PI integrin, and p75 antigens (Maxwell et al., 1988; Delannet and Duband, 1992; Bernd, 1985; Stemple and Anderson, 1992), and their ability to differentiate into neurons and melanocytes. Ventral neura ...
... Neural crest cells were defined by their migratory properties, the surface expression of the HNK-1, PI integrin, and p75 antigens (Maxwell et al., 1988; Delannet and Duband, 1992; Bernd, 1985; Stemple and Anderson, 1992), and their ability to differentiate into neurons and melanocytes. Ventral neura ...
Secondary Cell Walls: Biosynthesis, Patterned
... Secondary walls are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses (xylan and glucomannan) and lignin, and are deposited in some specialized cells, such as tracheary elements, fibers and other sclerenchymatous cells. Secondary walls provide strength to these cells, which lend mechanical support and pr ...
... Secondary walls are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses (xylan and glucomannan) and lignin, and are deposited in some specialized cells, such as tracheary elements, fibers and other sclerenchymatous cells. Secondary walls provide strength to these cells, which lend mechanical support and pr ...
Nanoscale Architecture of Endoplasmic Reticulum Export Sites and
... spatial organization. However, because these chemical reactions are relatively slow and highly selective, immobilization of membranes typically takes minutes, and even then not all molecules are fixed (Buckley, 1973; Mersey and McCully, 1978). In practical terms, considering that plant Golgi stacks ...
... spatial organization. However, because these chemical reactions are relatively slow and highly selective, immobilization of membranes typically takes minutes, and even then not all molecules are fixed (Buckley, 1973; Mersey and McCully, 1978). In practical terms, considering that plant Golgi stacks ...
Fighting Viral Infections and Virus
... CD4+ T cells have been and are still largely regarded as the orchestrators of immune responses, being able to differentiate into distinct T helper cell populations based on differentiation signals, transcription factor expression, cytokine secretion, and specific functions. Nonetheless, a growing bo ...
... CD4+ T cells have been and are still largely regarded as the orchestrators of immune responses, being able to differentiate into distinct T helper cell populations based on differentiation signals, transcription factor expression, cytokine secretion, and specific functions. Nonetheless, a growing bo ...
Intraflagellar transport and the generation of dynamic, structurally
... Figure 1. Canonical motile and non-motile ciliary ultrastructures and different cilia morphologies. (a) Ubiquitous basal body-ciliary ultrastructures. The basal body region is normally built from triplet microtubules, labeled A, B C. Transitional fibers, which emanate from the distal end of the basa ...
... Figure 1. Canonical motile and non-motile ciliary ultrastructures and different cilia morphologies. (a) Ubiquitous basal body-ciliary ultrastructures. The basal body region is normally built from triplet microtubules, labeled A, B C. Transitional fibers, which emanate from the distal end of the basa ...
In tobacco leaf epidermal cells, the integrity of protein export from
... dynamics of these machineries in plant cells remains elusive. Furthermore, except for a presumed linkage between COPI and COPII for the maintenance of ER protein export, the mechanisms by which COPI influences COPII-mediated protein transport from the ER in plant cells are largely uncharacterized. H ...
... dynamics of these machineries in plant cells remains elusive. Furthermore, except for a presumed linkage between COPI and COPII for the maintenance of ER protein export, the mechanisms by which COPI influences COPII-mediated protein transport from the ER in plant cells are largely uncharacterized. H ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.