Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes
... tightly adherent spore or germling may be able to effectively maintain a higher concentration of its lytic enzymes at the interface between its wall and the substratum surface. Nectria haematococca mutants with conidia and germlings with reduced adhesiveness were less virulent than the wild type whe ...
... tightly adherent spore or germling may be able to effectively maintain a higher concentration of its lytic enzymes at the interface between its wall and the substratum surface. Nectria haematococca mutants with conidia and germlings with reduced adhesiveness were less virulent than the wild type whe ...
Centromere Stability: The Replication Connection
... The heterochromatic pericentromere has been associated with replication stress-induced breaks and rearrangements [91,92]. The pericentromere is made up of repeated sequences, and such sequences are known to be prone to recombination or replication fork pausing (e.g., [8–10]). From the M to the S pha ...
... The heterochromatic pericentromere has been associated with replication stress-induced breaks and rearrangements [91,92]. The pericentromere is made up of repeated sequences, and such sequences are known to be prone to recombination or replication fork pausing (e.g., [8–10]). From the M to the S pha ...
Characterization of the ftsYEX operon of Escherichia coli
... filaments and dies at the restrictive temperature of 42°C. The first gene, ftsY, is known to encode an essential component of a protein localization system first described in eukaryotes, the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway. The function of the following genes, ftsE and ftsX, are much less ...
... filaments and dies at the restrictive temperature of 42°C. The first gene, ftsY, is known to encode an essential component of a protein localization system first described in eukaryotes, the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway. The function of the following genes, ftsE and ftsX, are much less ...
Cells Producing - The Journal of Immunology
... the Thy1a (Thy1.1) allele and can be recognized easily by flow cytometric analysis using a Thy1.1-specific Ab. Naive Tconv and Treg populations used in this study were confirmed by assessing Foxp3 expression (data not shown). Culture of Tconvs with antiCD3 mAb and APCs did not induce IL-17–producing ...
... the Thy1a (Thy1.1) allele and can be recognized easily by flow cytometric analysis using a Thy1.1-specific Ab. Naive Tconv and Treg populations used in this study were confirmed by assessing Foxp3 expression (data not shown). Culture of Tconvs with antiCD3 mAb and APCs did not induce IL-17–producing ...
Calcium regulates ricin transport to the Golgi apparatus
... Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of different transport routes to the Golgi apparatus, one being the well characterized, Rab9-dependent route from late endosomes that is utilized by the mannose 6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) (Lombardi et al., 1993; Riederer et al., 1994; Itin et al., 199 ...
... Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of different transport routes to the Golgi apparatus, one being the well characterized, Rab9-dependent route from late endosomes that is utilized by the mannose 6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) (Lombardi et al., 1993; Riederer et al., 1994; Itin et al., 199 ...
A motif of eleven amino acids is a structural adaptation that
... is shown in Fig. 2B. Gerbil prestin produced a bell-shaped response with a peak capacitance of approximately 1.2 pF at 273 mV. Four parameters (Qmax, Clin, V1/2 and z), that are often used to define the magnitude and voltage-dependency of NLC (Dallos and Fakler, 2002; Ashmore, 2008), were obtained f ...
... is shown in Fig. 2B. Gerbil prestin produced a bell-shaped response with a peak capacitance of approximately 1.2 pF at 273 mV. Four parameters (Qmax, Clin, V1/2 and z), that are often used to define the magnitude and voltage-dependency of NLC (Dallos and Fakler, 2002; Ashmore, 2008), were obtained f ...
The SMN Complex Is Associated with snRNPs throughout Their
... the extract during the course of the immunoprecipitation experiment (data not shown). In a reciprocal experiment (Fig. 1B and C), all the known components of the SMN complex, namely, SMN, Gemin2, Gemin3, Gemin4, Gemin5, and Gemin6, were coimmunoprecipitated from the cytoplasm in an RNA-dependent man ...
... the extract during the course of the immunoprecipitation experiment (data not shown). In a reciprocal experiment (Fig. 1B and C), all the known components of the SMN complex, namely, SMN, Gemin2, Gemin3, Gemin4, Gemin5, and Gemin6, were coimmunoprecipitated from the cytoplasm in an RNA-dependent man ...
FGF signalling: diverse roles during early vertebrate embryogenesis
... et al., 2009). Whether the same mechanism applies downstream of FGFR signalling is not yet known. The ability of FGF signalling to control morphogenetic movements seems to be conserved throughout evolution because it has been shown that, in the sea urchin, the ligand FGFA and its receptor FGFR2 are ...
... et al., 2009). Whether the same mechanism applies downstream of FGFR signalling is not yet known. The ability of FGF signalling to control morphogenetic movements seems to be conserved throughout evolution because it has been shown that, in the sea urchin, the ligand FGFA and its receptor FGFR2 are ...
Cytokinin–auxin crosstalk
... Post-embryonic plant growth and development are sustained by meristems, a source of undifferentiated cells that give rise to the adult plant structures. Two hormones, cytokinin and auxin, are known to act antagonistically in controlling meristem activities. Here, we review recent significant progres ...
... Post-embryonic plant growth and development are sustained by meristems, a source of undifferentiated cells that give rise to the adult plant structures. Two hormones, cytokinin and auxin, are known to act antagonistically in controlling meristem activities. Here, we review recent significant progres ...
"VESICLE IN A BASKET" A Morphological Study of
... vesicles are distinguished by the possession of hairlike material projecting from both sides of the membrane, a consideration of the intercalated unit membrane existing between the fuzzy substance and the bristle material may lead to the conclusion that the functional aspects of these two coatings d ...
... vesicles are distinguished by the possession of hairlike material projecting from both sides of the membrane, a consideration of the intercalated unit membrane existing between the fuzzy substance and the bristle material may lead to the conclusion that the functional aspects of these two coatings d ...
Genetic analysis of leaf development in cotton
... outermost cell layer of the developing leaf in a variety of monocotyledonous taxa undergoes periclinal divisions early in development (Sharman, 1942, 1945; Mericle, 1950; Pray, 1957; Stewart and Dermen, 1979; Poethig, 1984). In contrast, genetic mosaics of broad leaf monocots such as banana (Musa pa ...
... outermost cell layer of the developing leaf in a variety of monocotyledonous taxa undergoes periclinal divisions early in development (Sharman, 1942, 1945; Mericle, 1950; Pray, 1957; Stewart and Dermen, 1979; Poethig, 1984). In contrast, genetic mosaics of broad leaf monocots such as banana (Musa pa ...
Cytoplasmic and cortical reorganizations of the ascidian zygote
... 3102 F. Roegiers and others the ectopic site (reviewed by Nishida, 1997). In such experiments one presumably deletes or transfers determinants and/or functional structures residing in different cortical and cytoplasmic domains. The relocalizations in the ascidian zygote are thought to occur in two ...
... 3102 F. Roegiers and others the ectopic site (reviewed by Nishida, 1997). In such experiments one presumably deletes or transfers determinants and/or functional structures residing in different cortical and cytoplasmic domains. The relocalizations in the ascidian zygote are thought to occur in two ...
PDF
... associated cells, throughout their transit from the wing disc to the muscle templates (Roy and VijayRaghavan, 1998). It should also be noted that wing morphogenesis and other tissue movements in the developing pupa, generate a highly dynamic landscape in which these cells migrate. The underlying ext ...
... associated cells, throughout their transit from the wing disc to the muscle templates (Roy and VijayRaghavan, 1998). It should also be noted that wing morphogenesis and other tissue movements in the developing pupa, generate a highly dynamic landscape in which these cells migrate. The underlying ext ...
Engineering microfluidic concentration gradient generators for
... Mass transport in convection/ diffusion based gradient generators The previous section shows how hydraulic circuit analysis is useful in determining the concentration value of individual output streams in gradient generators such as the “Christmas tree” design. However, hydraulic circuit analysis do ...
... Mass transport in convection/ diffusion based gradient generators The previous section shows how hydraulic circuit analysis is useful in determining the concentration value of individual output streams in gradient generators such as the “Christmas tree” design. However, hydraulic circuit analysis do ...
Phloem loading and unloading of sugars and amino acids
... paths. Source loading and sink unloading of sugars, amino N compounds and potassium largely account for phloem sap osmotic concentrations and hence pressure differences. A symplasmic component is characteristic of most loading and unloading pathways which, in some circumstances, may be interrupted b ...
... paths. Source loading and sink unloading of sugars, amino N compounds and potassium largely account for phloem sap osmotic concentrations and hence pressure differences. A symplasmic component is characteristic of most loading and unloading pathways which, in some circumstances, may be interrupted b ...
Integrative genomics analysis identifies
... critically important in defining a 3D architecture of chromatin organization and functions. Expression of genes located in both lamina-associated and nucleoli-associated chromatin compartments is predominantly repressed (9-12). Conversely, transcription at genetic loci that are located in chromatin ...
... critically important in defining a 3D architecture of chromatin organization and functions. Expression of genes located in both lamina-associated and nucleoli-associated chromatin compartments is predominantly repressed (9-12). Conversely, transcription at genetic loci that are located in chromatin ...
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Induces Wnt
... with the T cell factor/lymphoid enhancement factor family upon its translocation to the nucleus (4, 5). We and others have shown previously that levels of -catenin are tightly regulated with a minimal free monomeric form available inside a normal cell and during regulated growth (3, 6, 7). -Cateni ...
... with the T cell factor/lymphoid enhancement factor family upon its translocation to the nucleus (4, 5). We and others have shown previously that levels of -catenin are tightly regulated with a minimal free monomeric form available inside a normal cell and during regulated growth (3, 6, 7). -Cateni ...
Profilin regulates the activity of p42 , a novel Myb
... for profilin and show that profilin regulates its activity. p42POP comprises a unique combination of domains and is widely expressed in mouse tissues. In contrast to many other Myb proteins, it contains only one functional tryptophan-cluster motif. This is followed by an acidic domain, a leucine zip ...
... for profilin and show that profilin regulates its activity. p42POP comprises a unique combination of domains and is widely expressed in mouse tissues. In contrast to many other Myb proteins, it contains only one functional tryptophan-cluster motif. This is followed by an acidic domain, a leucine zip ...
Smad5 determines murine amnion fate through the
... in which Smad5 deficiency paradoxically leads to gain of Bmp function defects. Additional support for this model comes from injection of rBMP4 protein in the exocoelom of wild-type embryos, which results in abnormal thickening of the amnion. ...
... in which Smad5 deficiency paradoxically leads to gain of Bmp function defects. Additional support for this model comes from injection of rBMP4 protein in the exocoelom of wild-type embryos, which results in abnormal thickening of the amnion. ...
Comparative Cell Biology and Evolution of Annexins in Diplomonads
... alpha-giardins, are the best-studied annexins assigned to group E (4). The alphagiardins were originally discovered as prominent proteins of the structurally complex Giardia intestinalis cytoskeleton and found to be immunodominant during human G. intestinalis infection (5, 6). Annexins in parasites ...
... alpha-giardins, are the best-studied annexins assigned to group E (4). The alphagiardins were originally discovered as prominent proteins of the structurally complex Giardia intestinalis cytoskeleton and found to be immunodominant during human G. intestinalis infection (5, 6). Annexins in parasites ...
12 October 2000
... receptors such as CD95 (Apo-1/Fas) aggregate and form membrane-bound signalling complexes (Box 3). These complexes then recruit, through adapter proteins, several molecules of procaspase-8, resulting in a high local concentration of zymogen. The induced proximity model posits that under these crowde ...
... receptors such as CD95 (Apo-1/Fas) aggregate and form membrane-bound signalling complexes (Box 3). These complexes then recruit, through adapter proteins, several molecules of procaspase-8, resulting in a high local concentration of zymogen. The induced proximity model posits that under these crowde ...
Symplasmic networks in secondary vascular tissues
... away from the phloem along the entire length of the stem. Parenchyma storing carbohydrates in both xylem and phloem may function as diffuse, local sources—even of water—and contribute to phloem turgor gradients (Sevanto et al., 2011, 2013). The fact that trees do not have large pressure gradients in ...
... away from the phloem along the entire length of the stem. Parenchyma storing carbohydrates in both xylem and phloem may function as diffuse, local sources—even of water—and contribute to phloem turgor gradients (Sevanto et al., 2011, 2013). The fact that trees do not have large pressure gradients in ...
Gap Junctional Communication in the Extraembryonic Tissues of the
... trodes, each embryo was fixed in buffered formaldehyde, embedded in Spurr's resin, followed by serial sectioning, and examination of the intracellular fluorescence distribution by light microscopy. Dye injections were carried out with 1.0% Lucifer yellow (K+ or Li+ salts)-filled glass microelectrode ...
... trodes, each embryo was fixed in buffered formaldehyde, embedded in Spurr's resin, followed by serial sectioning, and examination of the intracellular fluorescence distribution by light microscopy. Dye injections were carried out with 1.0% Lucifer yellow (K+ or Li+ salts)-filled glass microelectrode ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.