Ciz1 cooperates with cyclin-A–CDK2 to activate mammalian DNA
... inactivating CDC6 and then, as its levels rise in late G1, activating the DNA replication machinery. Reversal of the natural order in which nuclei are exposed to cyclins E and A blocks initiation in vitro (Coverley et al., 2002), highlighting the rigid requirement for their sequential activity and t ...
... inactivating CDC6 and then, as its levels rise in late G1, activating the DNA replication machinery. Reversal of the natural order in which nuclei are exposed to cyclins E and A blocks initiation in vitro (Coverley et al., 2002), highlighting the rigid requirement for their sequential activity and t ...
The Stem Cell Factor Receptor/c-Kit as a Drug Target in
... hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells is dependent on PI3kinase [60]. In contrast, in more differentiated hematopoietic cells PI3-kinase is not needed. This demonstrates that the differentiation status of the cell can have significant impact on which proteins are used for signal transduction. In regar ...
... hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells is dependent on PI3kinase [60]. In contrast, in more differentiated hematopoietic cells PI3-kinase is not needed. This demonstrates that the differentiation status of the cell can have significant impact on which proteins are used for signal transduction. In regar ...
RNA polymerase II transcription is concentrated outside replication
... may play an important role in the coordination of gene expression and gene duplication in S-phase. We have investigated the spatial relationship between transcription and replication in S-phase nuclei after fluorescent labelling of nascent RNA and nascent DNA, using confocal immunofluorescence micro ...
... may play an important role in the coordination of gene expression and gene duplication in S-phase. We have investigated the spatial relationship between transcription and replication in S-phase nuclei after fluorescent labelling of nascent RNA and nascent DNA, using confocal immunofluorescence micro ...
Bactericidal, Bacteriolytic, and Antibacterial Virulence Activities of
... The rhizome of B. pandurata has long been used as traditional Thai medicine for bacterial infections. From the antibacterial screening test against S. pyogenes by disc diffusion assay, the chloroform extract of B. pandurata produced a very narrow inhibition zone around 7 - 8 mm (data not shown). How ...
... The rhizome of B. pandurata has long been used as traditional Thai medicine for bacterial infections. From the antibacterial screening test against S. pyogenes by disc diffusion assay, the chloroform extract of B. pandurata produced a very narrow inhibition zone around 7 - 8 mm (data not shown). How ...
Bacillus anthracis produces membrane-derived vesicles containing biologically active toxins
... Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce vesicles that contain toxins or other virulence factors and, in several cases, vesicles have been proposed to be vehicles for toxin delivery to eukaryotic cells (14– 17). Significantly less is known about the r ...
... Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce vesicles that contain toxins or other virulence factors and, in several cases, vesicles have been proposed to be vehicles for toxin delivery to eukaryotic cells (14– 17). Significantly less is known about the r ...
PDF + SI - Development - The Company of Biologists
... cells (PCs) specified at precise positions and times within the somatic mesoderm. Detailed characterization of a few somatic muscle lineages has established that muscle identity (specific shape, size, orientation) reflects the expression of specific muscle identity transcription factors (iTFs) in ea ...
... cells (PCs) specified at precise positions and times within the somatic mesoderm. Detailed characterization of a few somatic muscle lineages has established that muscle identity (specific shape, size, orientation) reflects the expression of specific muscle identity transcription factors (iTFs) in ea ...
Auxin and other signals on the move in plants
... of vascular stream. Water, nutrients and ions (boron, iron, magnesium, nitrates and others) are absorbed from the soil by the root epidermis and are further transported through the internal cell layers to the xylem (Fig. 3). Apoplastic transport uses diffusion of transported molecules through the ce ...
... of vascular stream. Water, nutrients and ions (boron, iron, magnesium, nitrates and others) are absorbed from the soil by the root epidermis and are further transported through the internal cell layers to the xylem (Fig. 3). Apoplastic transport uses diffusion of transported molecules through the ce ...
Robust methods for purification of histones from cultured
... pipette connected to vacuum, maximally aspirate the remaining washing medium. Salt-urea-cell lysis. We hypothesize that the cell nucleus in concentrated urea solution, containing relatively low concentration of salt (e.g. 10 mM NaCl), would be relatively more stable than the cell cytoplasm. Thus, th ...
... pipette connected to vacuum, maximally aspirate the remaining washing medium. Salt-urea-cell lysis. We hypothesize that the cell nucleus in concentrated urea solution, containing relatively low concentration of salt (e.g. 10 mM NaCl), would be relatively more stable than the cell cytoplasm. Thus, th ...
The Cellular and Humoral Immune Response against Primary
... is still unclear what role ticks and other arthropods play in the spread of C. burnetii in the environment. History: Q fever was initially described in 1937 by Edward Holbrook Derrick as a febrile illness found in abattoir workers in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (13). Due to its intracellular na ...
... is still unclear what role ticks and other arthropods play in the spread of C. burnetii in the environment. History: Q fever was initially described in 1937 by Edward Holbrook Derrick as a febrile illness found in abattoir workers in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (13). Due to its intracellular na ...
ppt
... chips from 5 manufacturers using an FPGA based testing platform Two Key Issues: 1. Data Pattern Dependence: A cell’s retention time is heavily dependent on data values stored in itself and nearby cells, which cannot easily be controlled. 2. Variable Retention Time: Retention time of some cells chang ...
... chips from 5 manufacturers using an FPGA based testing platform Two Key Issues: 1. Data Pattern Dependence: A cell’s retention time is heavily dependent on data values stored in itself and nearby cells, which cannot easily be controlled. 2. Variable Retention Time: Retention time of some cells chang ...
Cleavage modification did not alter early blastomere fates
... than its partners 1ai12, 1bi12 and 1ci12 (Figure S1), while the cell 1de11 divides 2h later than its quar- ...
... than its partners 1ai12, 1bi12 and 1ci12 (Figure S1), while the cell 1de11 divides 2h later than its quar- ...
Analysis of Connexin43 phosphorylated at S325, S328 and S330 in
... Furthermore, connexin mutations have been linked to several diseases (Bergoffen et al., 1993; Gong et al., 1997; Kelsell et al., 1997) including oculodentodigital dysplasia, a disease linked to Connexin43 (Cx43) mutations that can cause atrioseptal defects and arrhythmias (Paznekas et al., 2003). Tw ...
... Furthermore, connexin mutations have been linked to several diseases (Bergoffen et al., 1993; Gong et al., 1997; Kelsell et al., 1997) including oculodentodigital dysplasia, a disease linked to Connexin43 (Cx43) mutations that can cause atrioseptal defects and arrhythmias (Paznekas et al., 2003). Tw ...
ACTIN2 Is Essential for Bulge Site Selection and Tip Growth during
... Root hairs develop as long extensions from root epidermal cells. After the formation of an initial bulge at the distal end of the epidermal cell, the root hair structure elongates by tip growth. Because root hairs are not surrounded by other cells, root hair formation provides an excellent system fo ...
... Root hairs develop as long extensions from root epidermal cells. After the formation of an initial bulge at the distal end of the epidermal cell, the root hair structure elongates by tip growth. Because root hairs are not surrounded by other cells, root hair formation provides an excellent system fo ...
Salivary gland development in Drosophila
... (Fig. 1A). Following this shape change, cells in the dorsalposterior region of the placode undergo apical constrictions as the nuclei move from the surface of the embryo to a more basal position within each cell (Myat and Andrew, 2000). These wedge-shaped cells then begin to invaginate. As this init ...
... (Fig. 1A). Following this shape change, cells in the dorsalposterior region of the placode undergo apical constrictions as the nuclei move from the surface of the embryo to a more basal position within each cell (Myat and Andrew, 2000). These wedge-shaped cells then begin to invaginate. As this init ...
PDF
... 1987). As the condensations increase in size, cells differentiate into chondrocytes, forming a cartilaginous template of the future bones. The cartilaginous elements of the autopod develop last, as each digit originates from a single condensation known as the digital ray (Oster, 1988). As the digita ...
... 1987). As the condensations increase in size, cells differentiate into chondrocytes, forming a cartilaginous template of the future bones. The cartilaginous elements of the autopod develop last, as each digit originates from a single condensation known as the digital ray (Oster, 1988). As the digita ...
Primary and immortalized mouse epicardial cells undergo
... been shown to result in embryonic death at E14.5 associated with a failure of coronary vessel development (Compton et al., 2007). TGF induced EMT in both PE and EP explants from chick embryos (Compton et al., 2006; Olivey et al., 2006). Experiments using EP explants cultured with the addition of gr ...
... been shown to result in embryonic death at E14.5 associated with a failure of coronary vessel development (Compton et al., 2007). TGF induced EMT in both PE and EP explants from chick embryos (Compton et al., 2006; Olivey et al., 2006). Experiments using EP explants cultured with the addition of gr ...
The maxillary recess of the sphenoid sinus
... anatomy and a huge amount of anatomical variations involving the sphenoid sinus [3]. Examples of migrating extramural cells by the ethmoid into adjacent structures are consistently variable. Such extramural ethmoid cell migration occurs when these cells migrate to the floor of the orbit or infraorbi ...
... anatomy and a huge amount of anatomical variations involving the sphenoid sinus [3]. Examples of migrating extramural cells by the ethmoid into adjacent structures are consistently variable. Such extramural ethmoid cell migration occurs when these cells migrate to the floor of the orbit or infraorbi ...
The hypoblast (visceral endoderm): an evo
... G1 or G2 phases and consist only of mitotic (M) and DNA synthetic (S) phases, and they rely upon maternal mRNAs and proteins until zygotic gene expression is activated, usually at around the 11th cell division (2024 cells). Rapid development and absence of growth imply that the embryonic axes or bod ...
... G1 or G2 phases and consist only of mitotic (M) and DNA synthetic (S) phases, and they rely upon maternal mRNAs and proteins until zygotic gene expression is activated, usually at around the 11th cell division (2024 cells). Rapid development and absence of growth imply that the embryonic axes or bod ...
Localization of Laminin B1 mRNA in Retinal Ganglion Cells by In
... et al., 1987). Fig. 1 shows localization of laminin in the developing mouse retina. In embryonic eyes, the laminin antibody stains a variety of ocular tissues including the neural retina. At embryonic day (E) 12 (E-12), laminin is present throughout the lens epithelium (Fig. 1 A). In the retina, a b ...
... et al., 1987). Fig. 1 shows localization of laminin in the developing mouse retina. In embryonic eyes, the laminin antibody stains a variety of ocular tissues including the neural retina. At embryonic day (E) 12 (E-12), laminin is present throughout the lens epithelium (Fig. 1 A). In the retina, a b ...
Callose Deposition Is Responsible for Apoplastic
... Figure 1. A, Cross-section of a dry muskmelon seed stained with 0.05% aniline blue and 0.5% toluidine blue O. The testa (TE) is at the top, covering a spongy layer. The endosperm envelope (arrow) below the spongy layer shows an outer blue-stained layer. The bar represents 10 mm. B, Thin section of p ...
... Figure 1. A, Cross-section of a dry muskmelon seed stained with 0.05% aniline blue and 0.5% toluidine blue O. The testa (TE) is at the top, covering a spongy layer. The endosperm envelope (arrow) below the spongy layer shows an outer blue-stained layer. The bar represents 10 mm. B, Thin section of p ...
The Drosophila ribbon gene encodes a nuclear BTB domain protein that promotes epithelial migration and morphogenesis. Development 128, 4923-4933. pdf
... Fig. 2. Basal surface of tracheal epithelium continues to migrate in rib mutants. (A) Budding primary branch growing toward Bnl FGF signaling center. Cytoplasmic processes extend from the basal surface of the lead cells, and cell bodies and apical surface follow. (B,D) Four tracheal metameres (Tr1-4 ...
... Fig. 2. Basal surface of tracheal epithelium continues to migrate in rib mutants. (A) Budding primary branch growing toward Bnl FGF signaling center. Cytoplasmic processes extend from the basal surface of the lead cells, and cell bodies and apical surface follow. (B,D) Four tracheal metameres (Tr1-4 ...
Low and High Nucleic Acid Content Bacteria: Reality or
... (SSC) and green fluorescence is taken into account. One cluster shows low SSC as well as low green fluorescence and the other one shows high SSC and fluorescence. Based on these observations these two clusters have been given names LNA and HNA bacteria respectively. The majority of studies carried o ...
... (SSC) and green fluorescence is taken into account. One cluster shows low SSC as well as low green fluorescence and the other one shows high SSC and fluorescence. Based on these observations these two clusters have been given names LNA and HNA bacteria respectively. The majority of studies carried o ...
Acetylation of Polysaccharides in Plant Cell Wall
... According to recent report released by United Nations, the global population will not stabilise until the end of 21st century. It will go on increasing from current 7.2 billion to 12.3 billion in 2100 (Gerland et al., 2014). To meet the food and energy demand for such a huge population, we need to f ...
... According to recent report released by United Nations, the global population will not stabilise until the end of 21st century. It will go on increasing from current 7.2 billion to 12.3 billion in 2100 (Gerland et al., 2014). To meet the food and energy demand for such a huge population, we need to f ...
Mutations in the Arabidopsis RPK1 gene uncouple cotyledon
... mutants manifest in a spatially and timely stochastic fashion probably due to redundancy of RPK1-like functions. ...
... mutants manifest in a spatially and timely stochastic fashion probably due to redundancy of RPK1-like functions. ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.