SKIP controls lysosome positioning using a composite kinesin
... driven by a dynamic network of inter- and intra-molecular interactions. ...
... driven by a dynamic network of inter- and intra-molecular interactions. ...
here - The Nebenführ Lab
... Brefeldin A (BFA) causes a block in the secretory system of eukaryotic cells by inhibiting vesicle formation at the Golgi apparatus. Although this toxin has been used in many studies, its effects on plant cells are still shrouded in controversy. We have reinvestigated the early responses of plant ce ...
... Brefeldin A (BFA) causes a block in the secretory system of eukaryotic cells by inhibiting vesicle formation at the Golgi apparatus. Although this toxin has been used in many studies, its effects on plant cells are still shrouded in controversy. We have reinvestigated the early responses of plant ce ...
Vaucheria
... The cyst in a chain may remain connected by the parent membrane of the filament, which appears like another alga Gongrosira. Thus this stage of Vaucheria is also called Gongrosira stage. Q. 7. Write short note on synzoospores? Ans. Zoospore formation is the commonest method of asexual reproduction i ...
... The cyst in a chain may remain connected by the parent membrane of the filament, which appears like another alga Gongrosira. Thus this stage of Vaucheria is also called Gongrosira stage. Q. 7. Write short note on synzoospores? Ans. Zoospore formation is the commonest method of asexual reproduction i ...
Arabidopsis – a powerful model system for plant cell wall research
... been well-documented. Consequently, this has made the identification of enzymes that catalyze cell-wall polysaccharide biosynthesis very difficult, and traditional biochemical methods have led to identification of only a few genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes, despite extensive efforts for many yea ...
... been well-documented. Consequently, this has made the identification of enzymes that catalyze cell-wall polysaccharide biosynthesis very difficult, and traditional biochemical methods have led to identification of only a few genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes, despite extensive efforts for many yea ...
No Slide Title
... 8.1 What Are Genes Made of? • Responsible for the traits we see in people • Genetic differences (p. 114), minor and major • Early 1900’s discovered genes are part of the chromosomes found in the nucleus of every eukaryotic cell • Then in the mid 1900’s it was further narrowed down – they are made u ...
... 8.1 What Are Genes Made of? • Responsible for the traits we see in people • Genetic differences (p. 114), minor and major • Early 1900’s discovered genes are part of the chromosomes found in the nucleus of every eukaryotic cell • Then in the mid 1900’s it was further narrowed down – they are made u ...
Eph/ephrin signaling maintains the boundary of
... ephb4b in DFCs is necessary for preventing individual DFCs from escaping from the cluster during vegetal/posterior migration. Based on the distribution pattern of sox17-positive DFCs at midgastrulation stages, we categorized embryos into four classes: DFCs-I, a single cluster of DFCs (as seen in WT ...
... ephb4b in DFCs is necessary for preventing individual DFCs from escaping from the cluster during vegetal/posterior migration. Based on the distribution pattern of sox17-positive DFCs at midgastrulation stages, we categorized embryos into four classes: DFCs-I, a single cluster of DFCs (as seen in WT ...
Liver development
... 12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Abstract The liver is the largest internal organ and it provides many essential metabolic, exocrine and endocrine functions. H ...
... 12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Abstract The liver is the largest internal organ and it provides many essential metabolic, exocrine and endocrine functions. H ...
histology of organogenic and embryogenic responses in cotyledons
... became white opaque (fig. 1D), and later, green (fig. 1G). The presence of more than two cotyledons per embryo was not rare, and cotyledons often displayed a distorted morphology, but secondary embryo formation was not evident. However, in long-term cultures, cotyledons became difficult to observe b ...
... became white opaque (fig. 1D), and later, green (fig. 1G). The presence of more than two cotyledons per embryo was not rare, and cotyledons often displayed a distorted morphology, but secondary embryo formation was not evident. However, in long-term cultures, cotyledons became difficult to observe b ...
CFTR modulates lung secretory cell proliferation and - AJP-Lung
... conductance regulator (CFTR)-deficient (knockout) mouse after in utero gene therapy with an adenovirus containing the cftr gene. The gene transfer targeted somatic stem cells in the developing lung and intestine, and these epithelial surfaces demonstrated permanent developmental changes after treatm ...
... conductance regulator (CFTR)-deficient (knockout) mouse after in utero gene therapy with an adenovirus containing the cftr gene. The gene transfer targeted somatic stem cells in the developing lung and intestine, and these epithelial surfaces demonstrated permanent developmental changes after treatm ...
Salinity Effects on the Activity of Plasma Membrane H+ and Ca2+
... caused a signi®cant shift towards net H in¯ux (Fig. 1C). What is even more important, vanadate treatment also prevented NaCl-induced H extrusion (compare Fig. 1A and C). These results suggest that the ATP-dependent H -pump (inhibited by vanadate) forms a signi®cant part of the H extrusion me ...
... caused a signi®cant shift towards net H in¯ux (Fig. 1C). What is even more important, vanadate treatment also prevented NaCl-induced H extrusion (compare Fig. 1A and C). These results suggest that the ATP-dependent H -pump (inhibited by vanadate) forms a signi®cant part of the H extrusion me ...
Cells To Tolerate Higher Expression of Bim T+ Bcl
... stained with Dbgp33 tetramers and Abs against KLRG1, CD127, and CD8. CD8+GP33+ KLRG1lowCD127high or CD8+GP33+ KLRG1highCD127low populations were analyzed on days 10 or 23 after LCMV infection by flow cytometry. Bar graphs show the percentage decrease in the numbers of each CD8+ T cell effector subse ...
... stained with Dbgp33 tetramers and Abs against KLRG1, CD127, and CD8. CD8+GP33+ KLRG1lowCD127high or CD8+GP33+ KLRG1highCD127low populations were analyzed on days 10 or 23 after LCMV infection by flow cytometry. Bar graphs show the percentage decrease in the numbers of each CD8+ T cell effector subse ...
A Role for the Cytoskeleton in Heart Looping
... The shaping of tissues during organ development requires cell migrations, cell shape changes, and bending of epithelial sheets to form tubular structures that, in turn, undergo subsequent morphogenetic movements until the final shape of the organ is achieved[30,31]. These described morphogenetic cha ...
... The shaping of tissues during organ development requires cell migrations, cell shape changes, and bending of epithelial sheets to form tubular structures that, in turn, undergo subsequent morphogenetic movements until the final shape of the organ is achieved[30,31]. These described morphogenetic cha ...
Rb is required for progression through myogenic differentiation but
... Rb gene deletion in Rbf/f:MCK-Cre mice, we calculated the Rbflox:Rbexcised allele ratios using densitometry. These allele ratios were used to determine the percentage of the unexcised Rb flox allele in pooled single muscle fiber preparations (n 3 independent animals). As expected, we detected low ...
... Rb gene deletion in Rbf/f:MCK-Cre mice, we calculated the Rbflox:Rbexcised allele ratios using densitometry. These allele ratios were used to determine the percentage of the unexcised Rb flox allele in pooled single muscle fiber preparations (n 3 independent animals). As expected, we detected low ...
REVIEW ARTICLE Establishment of the axis in chordates: facts and
... (a) After fertilization the still radially symmetric egg is being enveloped in the oviduct by albumin animal-vegetal axis parallel to the and shell membranes. (b) On entering into the uterus the egg is starting to rotate on its long axis. substrate to which it is attached (Fig. The egg shell is bein ...
... (a) After fertilization the still radially symmetric egg is being enveloped in the oviduct by albumin animal-vegetal axis parallel to the and shell membranes. (b) On entering into the uterus the egg is starting to rotate on its long axis. substrate to which it is attached (Fig. The egg shell is bein ...
Deciphering the molecular functions of sterols in cellulose
... the instability of the complex, and molecular genetics have provided only partial and essentially indirect answers to some of the most fundamental questions related to cellulose formation. Several pieces of evidence suggest that the lipid environment of the CSC is crucial for its proper structural o ...
... the instability of the complex, and molecular genetics have provided only partial and essentially indirect answers to some of the most fundamental questions related to cellulose formation. Several pieces of evidence suggest that the lipid environment of the CSC is crucial for its proper structural o ...
Conserved features of cohesin binding along
... fission yeast remains poorly characterized. Only a small fraction of cohesin is thought to be cleaved at anaphase onset, but whether and where cohesin is removed from chromosome arms during prophase is not known. A cytological study found that cohesin remains chromosome-bound throughout mitosis [3]. ...
... fission yeast remains poorly characterized. Only a small fraction of cohesin is thought to be cleaved at anaphase onset, but whether and where cohesin is removed from chromosome arms during prophase is not known. A cytological study found that cohesin remains chromosome-bound throughout mitosis [3]. ...
as a PDF
... propagated radially 5-10 cell-diameters at a slower rate of approximately 2-3 micron sec-1 (MOVIES 3 & 4; Fig. 4-3). Waves appeared to arise stochastically FIGURE 4-2 and Movies 1 & 2: Long-range intercellular calcium waves in the dorsal marginal zone. A) Individual frames from confocal time-lapse o ...
... propagated radially 5-10 cell-diameters at a slower rate of approximately 2-3 micron sec-1 (MOVIES 3 & 4; Fig. 4-3). Waves appeared to arise stochastically FIGURE 4-2 and Movies 1 & 2: Long-range intercellular calcium waves in the dorsal marginal zone. A) Individual frames from confocal time-lapse o ...
3 Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes
... pathways (e.g., Liu and Kolattukudy 1999), they are not as useful for adhesion studies as knockouts of genes directly involved in glue production. However, if multiple compounds can serve as building blocks of a glue, single gene knock-outs may only result in, at best, quantitatively discernible dif ...
... pathways (e.g., Liu and Kolattukudy 1999), they are not as useful for adhesion studies as knockouts of genes directly involved in glue production. However, if multiple compounds can serve as building blocks of a glue, single gene knock-outs may only result in, at best, quantitatively discernible dif ...
TETRASPORE is required for male meiotic
... condensed chromatin and few organelles, and a larger vegetative cell. The generative cell moves away from the inner wall of the microspore, becoming completely enclosed in the vegetative cytoplasm, and at pollen mitosis II (PMII) divides to form two sperm. In some species, including Arabidopsis, PMI ...
... condensed chromatin and few organelles, and a larger vegetative cell. The generative cell moves away from the inner wall of the microspore, becoming completely enclosed in the vegetative cytoplasm, and at pollen mitosis II (PMII) divides to form two sperm. In some species, including Arabidopsis, PMI ...
Threshold Levels of Fluid Shear Promote Leukocyte
... to roll on PNAd below this level of wall shear stress, indicating that the requirement for minimum levels of shear force is not cell type specific. Rolling of leukocytes mediated by the selectins could be reinitiated within seconds by increasing the level of wall shear stress, suggesting that fluid ...
... to roll on PNAd below this level of wall shear stress, indicating that the requirement for minimum levels of shear force is not cell type specific. Rolling of leukocytes mediated by the selectins could be reinitiated within seconds by increasing the level of wall shear stress, suggesting that fluid ...
Arabinogalactan proteins are involved in root hair development in
... the extracellular matrix (Youl et al., 1998); they typically attach to the plasma membrane by means of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Other AGPs are secreted into either the intercellular space (Samaj et al., 2000) or to the plant’s exterior in the form of mucilage (Moody et al., 198 ...
... the extracellular matrix (Youl et al., 1998); they typically attach to the plasma membrane by means of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Other AGPs are secreted into either the intercellular space (Samaj et al., 2000) or to the plant’s exterior in the form of mucilage (Moody et al., 198 ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.