Mesoderm commitment to hematopoiesis - Development
... lineages in immediate proximity to each other (Haar and Ackerman, 1971). This observation provided the basis for the hypothesis, first put forward in the early 1900s, that these lineages derive from a common bi-potential precursor, a cell termed the hemangioblast (Sabin, 1920; Murray, 1932; and revi ...
... lineages in immediate proximity to each other (Haar and Ackerman, 1971). This observation provided the basis for the hypothesis, first put forward in the early 1900s, that these lineages derive from a common bi-potential precursor, a cell termed the hemangioblast (Sabin, 1920; Murray, 1932; and revi ...
Protoplast isolation - student notes
... enzymes break down the pectin holding cells together. Once the cell wall has been removed the resulting protoplast is spherical in shape. Digestion is usually carried out after incubation in an osmoticum (a solution of higher concentration than the cell contents which causes the cells to plasmolyse) ...
... enzymes break down the pectin holding cells together. Once the cell wall has been removed the resulting protoplast is spherical in shape. Digestion is usually carried out after incubation in an osmoticum (a solution of higher concentration than the cell contents which causes the cells to plasmolyse) ...
Cell Functions Phospholipid-Binding Motif that Regulates T Subunit
... present within each of the CD3 subunits (4). Following their phosphorylation, the ITAMs are complexed by Syk/ZAP-70 family of protein tyrosine kinases. This kinase family, in conjunction with Src-family protein tyrosine kinases, phosphorylates and activates multiple effector and adaptor proteins. Mu ...
... present within each of the CD3 subunits (4). Following their phosphorylation, the ITAMs are complexed by Syk/ZAP-70 family of protein tyrosine kinases. This kinase family, in conjunction with Src-family protein tyrosine kinases, phosphorylates and activates multiple effector and adaptor proteins. Mu ...
O-GlcNAc transferase inhibitors: current tools and
... HTS-derived inhibitors An alternative strategy for the discovery of OGT inhibitors has been the application of high-throughput screening against a large library of drug-like compounds [35]. This screen was designed to detect compounds that compete with sugar nt binding and identified two compounds: ...
... HTS-derived inhibitors An alternative strategy for the discovery of OGT inhibitors has been the application of high-throughput screening against a large library of drug-like compounds [35]. This screen was designed to detect compounds that compete with sugar nt binding and identified two compounds: ...
LY-294002-inhibitable PI 3-kinase and regulation of baseline rates
... with insulin-stimulated insertion of the GLUT-4 glucose transporter into the cell membrane of adipocytes and rat skeletal muscle (9, 13, 42) and in the synthesis and insertion by vesicle trafficking of A-type K⫹ channels into the plasma membranes of hippocampal pyramidal neurons (41). Previous work ...
... with insulin-stimulated insertion of the GLUT-4 glucose transporter into the cell membrane of adipocytes and rat skeletal muscle (9, 13, 42) and in the synthesis and insertion by vesicle trafficking of A-type K⫹ channels into the plasma membranes of hippocampal pyramidal neurons (41). Previous work ...
J., Schornack, S., Spallek, T., Geldner, N., Chory
... (Fig. S1A). The cytoplasm of infected cells was aggregated at the haustorial site as detected in 35S::GFP expressing transgenic lines, and the nucleus labelled by Hoechst staining was repeatedly found in close proximity to the Hpa haustorium, as recently described (Caillaud et al., 2011). Evidently, ...
... (Fig. S1A). The cytoplasm of infected cells was aggregated at the haustorial site as detected in 35S::GFP expressing transgenic lines, and the nucleus labelled by Hoechst staining was repeatedly found in close proximity to the Hpa haustorium, as recently described (Caillaud et al., 2011). Evidently, ...
Chapter 3: Cells
... (Outcome 3.14) 8. In prophase, centrioles move __________________________ . (Outcome 3.14) 9. In prophase, the nuclear envelope ______________________ . (Outcome 3.14) 10. In prophase, microtubules form _______________________ . (Outcome 3.14) 11. In prophase, chromatin condenses into ______________ ...
... (Outcome 3.14) 8. In prophase, centrioles move __________________________ . (Outcome 3.14) 9. In prophase, the nuclear envelope ______________________ . (Outcome 3.14) 10. In prophase, microtubules form _______________________ . (Outcome 3.14) 11. In prophase, chromatin condenses into ______________ ...
High levels of tRNA abundance and alteration of tRNA charging by
... line is normalized to those from bone marrow (Fig. 2A). For all five MM lines, the levels of tRNAs derived from chromosomal-encoded genes were elevated by 2- to 4-fold, whereas the levels of tRNAs derived from mitochondrial-encoded genes increased by 1.2- to 1.7-fold. These results demonstrate that t ...
... line is normalized to those from bone marrow (Fig. 2A). For all five MM lines, the levels of tRNAs derived from chromosomal-encoded genes were elevated by 2- to 4-fold, whereas the levels of tRNAs derived from mitochondrial-encoded genes increased by 1.2- to 1.7-fold. These results demonstrate that t ...
Sharing In The Swap Shop - Memes, Groups and Altruism
... increase the time required for a single group to dominate the population due to the increase in intergroup conflict. This may not however, be the case when the number of tags are increased (see Axelrod 1995). 5.4 "Genetic" v. Cultural Evolution The “genetic” experiments B, D produced similar results ...
... increase the time required for a single group to dominate the population due to the increase in intergroup conflict. This may not however, be the case when the number of tags are increased (see Axelrod 1995). 5.4 "Genetic" v. Cultural Evolution The “genetic” experiments B, D produced similar results ...
The maize mutant narrow sheath fails to establish
... curvature (Fig. 2H,I) and shortened internodes (Fig. 2F,H,I). In the curved, mutant stems, the side of the internode corresponding to the margin of the leaf it subtends is shorter than the opposite side of the internode, which corresponds to the leaf midrib. This nonuniform internode growth pattern ...
... curvature (Fig. 2H,I) and shortened internodes (Fig. 2F,H,I). In the curved, mutant stems, the side of the internode corresponding to the margin of the leaf it subtends is shorter than the opposite side of the internode, which corresponds to the leaf midrib. This nonuniform internode growth pattern ...
Phloem Structure and Function
... Sieve element structure and association with companion cells or Strasburger cells The assimilate-conducting sieve elements of the phloem are the most highly specialized cell type in plants. During development, flow resistance in these cells is reduced by changes in the protoplast. In addition, a func ...
... Sieve element structure and association with companion cells or Strasburger cells The assimilate-conducting sieve elements of the phloem are the most highly specialized cell type in plants. During development, flow resistance in these cells is reduced by changes in the protoplast. In addition, a func ...
In Vitro Assays Demonstrate That Pollen Tube Organelles Use
... ability to glide microtubules in the in vitro motility assay, for the presence of microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity, and for cross-reactivity with anti-kinesin antibodies. We identified and characterized a 105-kD organelle-associated motor protein that is functionally, biochemically, and immuno ...
... ability to glide microtubules in the in vitro motility assay, for the presence of microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity, and for cross-reactivity with anti-kinesin antibodies. We identified and characterized a 105-kD organelle-associated motor protein that is functionally, biochemically, and immuno ...
Tracheary element evolution
... element is fairly uniform in the cryptograms,. Primary phloem is very poorly known from fossil Gymnosperms and the data presented in the previous two tables is based purely on the secondary phloem. Whilst phloem has been noted in all groups of fossil Gymnosperms, it appears to have been researched i ...
... element is fairly uniform in the cryptograms,. Primary phloem is very poorly known from fossil Gymnosperms and the data presented in the previous two tables is based purely on the secondary phloem. Whilst phloem has been noted in all groups of fossil Gymnosperms, it appears to have been researched i ...
measuring force in the developing zebrafish embryo using
... occur in the plane of greatest force and it has been suggested that tension orientation plays a role in aligning the mitotic spindles [5]. These forces have also been proposed to drive the spreading of the EVL, allowing for rapid coverage of a large surface area without an increase in cell size. In ...
... occur in the plane of greatest force and it has been suggested that tension orientation plays a role in aligning the mitotic spindles [5]. These forces have also been proposed to drive the spreading of the EVL, allowing for rapid coverage of a large surface area without an increase in cell size. In ...
Specialization of Oleosins in Oil Body Dynamics
... with a marked increase after 9 DAF, at the transition between torpedo (9 DAF) and U-shaped (11 DAF) stages (Fig. 4A). At 11 DAF (Fig. 2A) the OBs decreased in size and were pushed to the edges of the cell, the cell center being occupied by protein bodies (PBs) and other intracellular components (nuc ...
... with a marked increase after 9 DAF, at the transition between torpedo (9 DAF) and U-shaped (11 DAF) stages (Fig. 4A). At 11 DAF (Fig. 2A) the OBs decreased in size and were pushed to the edges of the cell, the cell center being occupied by protein bodies (PBs) and other intracellular components (nuc ...
Vacuolar transporters and their essential role in plant metabolism
... It appears that vacuoles are organelles which fulfil highly specialized functions depending on tissue and cell type, and their developmental stage. All vacuoles seem to contain the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase; Sze et al., 1999), H+-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase (V-PPase; Maeshima, 20 ...
... It appears that vacuoles are organelles which fulfil highly specialized functions depending on tissue and cell type, and their developmental stage. All vacuoles seem to contain the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase; Sze et al., 1999), H+-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase (V-PPase; Maeshima, 20 ...
Cell regulation by the Apc protein Apc as master regulator of epithelia
... targeted for ubiquitination and degradation by the proteosome. It is tempting to speculate that the phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylating Apc is PP2A. This phosphatase associates with Axin [13–15] and its regulatory subunit B56 interacts with both Axin and Apc through its Arm repeats [16,17 ...
... targeted for ubiquitination and degradation by the proteosome. It is tempting to speculate that the phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylating Apc is PP2A. This phosphatase associates with Axin [13–15] and its regulatory subunit B56 interacts with both Axin and Apc through its Arm repeats [16,17 ...
Role of CD26-adenosine deaminase interaction in T cell
... Dong et al.(56) have demonstrated that neither the dipeptidyl peptidase nor the deaminase activities are required for the association between CD26 and ADA. By the use of immunoelectron microscopy, the same authors found that CD26 and ecto-ADA co-localize on the cell surface but not inside the cells. ...
... Dong et al.(56) have demonstrated that neither the dipeptidyl peptidase nor the deaminase activities are required for the association between CD26 and ADA. By the use of immunoelectron microscopy, the same authors found that CD26 and ecto-ADA co-localize on the cell surface but not inside the cells. ...
Specific Innervation of Neurons in the Paravertebral
... nervous system have been proposed (see, for example, Rubin, 1985a-c), the ability to test these hypotheses is limited by the inaccessibility of the mammalian embryo. In the present study, I have examined the specificity of ganglion cell innervation in the sympathetic system of the chick. My results ...
... nervous system have been proposed (see, for example, Rubin, 1985a-c), the ability to test these hypotheses is limited by the inaccessibility of the mammalian embryo. In the present study, I have examined the specificity of ganglion cell innervation in the sympathetic system of the chick. My results ...
Novel Regulators of Vascular Development in Arabidopsis
... pericycle and vascular primordium. Subsequently, during the late stages of embryonic development, the procambium continues to divide until it establishes a radial vascular pattern identical to the one observed in the post-embryonic primary root (De Rybel et al., 2014). As individual procambial cells ...
... pericycle and vascular primordium. Subsequently, during the late stages of embryonic development, the procambium continues to divide until it establishes a radial vascular pattern identical to the one observed in the post-embryonic primary root (De Rybel et al., 2014). As individual procambial cells ...
Spatiotemporal distribution of different extracellular polymeric
... losses and has recently been listed as one of the top-ten most studied phytopathogenic bacteria19. During its life cycle, this microorganism forms biofilm in the foregut of xylem-feeding sharpshooters leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) and spittlebugs (Cercopidae) vectors20. In plant, the bacterial cells at ...
... losses and has recently been listed as one of the top-ten most studied phytopathogenic bacteria19. During its life cycle, this microorganism forms biofilm in the foregut of xylem-feeding sharpshooters leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) and spittlebugs (Cercopidae) vectors20. In plant, the bacterial cells at ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.