CHAPTER 5 THE MULTIPLIER 5.1 INTRODUCTION
... – and by shifting the result in the basis of the multiplier bit’s position. Similar to the familiar long hand decimal multiplication, binary multiplication involves the addition of shifted versions of the multiplicand based on the value and position of each of the multiplier bits. As a matter of fac ...
... – and by shifting the result in the basis of the multiplier bit’s position. Similar to the familiar long hand decimal multiplication, binary multiplication involves the addition of shifted versions of the multiplicand based on the value and position of each of the multiplier bits. As a matter of fac ...
Monitoring Growth of Beer Brewing Strains of
... each overnight stock culture was diluted to 7.5 mL with fresh 1X YPD media. The diluted cells were then plated as needed into Corning 3598 flat-bottomed clear plates. Measurements were made every 2 minutes with continuous orbital shaking mode employed. Shaking speed was set to slow and frequency set ...
... each overnight stock culture was diluted to 7.5 mL with fresh 1X YPD media. The diluted cells were then plated as needed into Corning 3598 flat-bottomed clear plates. Measurements were made every 2 minutes with continuous orbital shaking mode employed. Shaking speed was set to slow and frequency set ...
The tumor suppressor Scrib interacts with the zyxin
... At the heart of structural and functional integrity of multicellular entities is the ability of each and every cell of it to successfully integrate signals arising from soluble factors, cell-substratum adhesion and cell-cell adhesion [1]. Correct processing of these signals allows appropriate cellul ...
... At the heart of structural and functional integrity of multicellular entities is the ability of each and every cell of it to successfully integrate signals arising from soluble factors, cell-substratum adhesion and cell-cell adhesion [1]. Correct processing of these signals allows appropriate cellul ...
Guard cell photosynthesis and stomatal function
... organelles in stomatal responses has been a subject of debate. This review examines evidence for and against a role of guard cell chloroplasts in stimulating stomatal opening. Controversy remains over the extent to which guard cell Calvin cycle activity contributes to stomatal regulation. However, t ...
... organelles in stomatal responses has been a subject of debate. This review examines evidence for and against a role of guard cell chloroplasts in stimulating stomatal opening. Controversy remains over the extent to which guard cell Calvin cycle activity contributes to stomatal regulation. However, t ...
4 | the tissue level of organization
... in an orderly pattern that achieves the tissue’s functions. From the evolutionary perspective, tissues appear in more complex organisms. For example, multicellular protists, ancient eukaryotes, do not have cells organized into tissues. Although there are many types of cells in the human body, they a ...
... in an orderly pattern that achieves the tissue’s functions. From the evolutionary perspective, tissues appear in more complex organisms. For example, multicellular protists, ancient eukaryotes, do not have cells organized into tissues. Although there are many types of cells in the human body, they a ...
Nociceptor and Hair Cell Transducer Properties of TRPA1, a
... Mechanosensory channels of sensory cells mediate the sensations of hearing, touch, and some forms of pain. The TRPA1 (a member of the TRP family of ion channel proteins) channel is activated by pain-producing chemicals, and its inhibition impairs hair cell mechanotransduction. As shown here and prev ...
... Mechanosensory channels of sensory cells mediate the sensations of hearing, touch, and some forms of pain. The TRPA1 (a member of the TRP family of ion channel proteins) channel is activated by pain-producing chemicals, and its inhibition impairs hair cell mechanotransduction. As shown here and prev ...
Calcium Signaling and Homeostasis in Nuclei
... calcium probes and that the fluorescence output of these Ca2+ indicator dyes is altered by their cytoplasmic or nucleoplasmic environment (see above, section “Plant cell nuclei are able to generate calcium signals in response to exogenous stimuli”) led people to consider that these results were arti ...
... calcium probes and that the fluorescence output of these Ca2+ indicator dyes is altered by their cytoplasmic or nucleoplasmic environment (see above, section “Plant cell nuclei are able to generate calcium signals in response to exogenous stimuli”) led people to consider that these results were arti ...
Plant autophagy—more than a starvation response
... cellular contents in order to recycle nutrients or break down damaged or toxic material. This occurs by the uptake of cytoplasmic constituents into the vacuole, where they are degraded by vacuolar hydrolases. In plants, autophagy has been known for some time to be important for nutrient remobilizati ...
... cellular contents in order to recycle nutrients or break down damaged or toxic material. This occurs by the uptake of cytoplasmic constituents into the vacuole, where they are degraded by vacuolar hydrolases. In plants, autophagy has been known for some time to be important for nutrient remobilizati ...
effects of light on photosynthesis, grazing, and population dynamics
... the six experimental and to six R. sp. control flasks at a concentration of 45,000 cellsmL1. Cell counts were taken at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h. For each treatment and time point a 1-mL sample was fixed in 2% Lugol’s, and at least 60 cells were immediately measured for estimation of cell volume using a ...
... the six experimental and to six R. sp. control flasks at a concentration of 45,000 cellsmL1. Cell counts were taken at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h. For each treatment and time point a 1-mL sample was fixed in 2% Lugol’s, and at least 60 cells were immediately measured for estimation of cell volume using a ...
Characterization of rat epimorphin/syntaxin 2 expression suggests a
... On fetal day 15, the endoderm is a stratified, multicellular layer of undifferentiated cells surrounded by mesenchyme. There is a central lumen, and villus structures have not yet formed. Expression of epimorphin/syntaxin 2 mRNA was most prominent in the mesenchyme that surrounds endoderm (Fig. 5, A ...
... On fetal day 15, the endoderm is a stratified, multicellular layer of undifferentiated cells surrounded by mesenchyme. There is a central lumen, and villus structures have not yet formed. Expression of epimorphin/syntaxin 2 mRNA was most prominent in the mesenchyme that surrounds endoderm (Fig. 5, A ...
Regulation of Natural Killer and CD4 T cell function by
... bind self-MHC-I molecules (see discussion below). Activation of NK cell functions is controlled by the balance between inhibitory and activating signals. As mentioned, engagement of inhibitory receptors on NK cells by self MHC-I molecules allows recognition of normal cells and prevents autoreactivit ...
... bind self-MHC-I molecules (see discussion below). Activation of NK cell functions is controlled by the balance between inhibitory and activating signals. As mentioned, engagement of inhibitory receptors on NK cells by self MHC-I molecules allows recognition of normal cells and prevents autoreactivit ...
The lysosome as a command-and-control center for cellular
... It was initially proposed that plasma membrane amino acid transporters be potential candidates for amino acid sensors because of their roles in controlling the influx of amino acids into the cell (Christie et al., 2002; Beugnet et al., 2003). However, treatment with cycloheximide, a protein synthesi ...
... It was initially proposed that plasma membrane amino acid transporters be potential candidates for amino acid sensors because of their roles in controlling the influx of amino acids into the cell (Christie et al., 2002; Beugnet et al., 2003). However, treatment with cycloheximide, a protein synthesi ...
Intrinsic Regulation of Cambial Growth
... within the realm of “toy research” (Horn 1880; Sprague and Sprague 1976). Some research areas relevant to secondary growth nevertheless have begun to flourish, and a number of recent reviews have addressed questions of regulation (Fukuda and others 1998; Altmann 1999; Kost and others 1999; Lachaud a ...
... within the realm of “toy research” (Horn 1880; Sprague and Sprague 1976). Some research areas relevant to secondary growth nevertheless have begun to flourish, and a number of recent reviews have addressed questions of regulation (Fukuda and others 1998; Altmann 1999; Kost and others 1999; Lachaud a ...
The PDZ-GEF Dizzy regulates cell shape of migrating macrophages
... complementary fashion, macrophages overexpressing Dizzy are vastly extended and form very long protrusions. These cell shape changes depend on the function of the small GTPase Rap1: in rap1 mutants, Dizzy is unable to induce the large protrusions. Furthermore, forced expression of a dominant-active ...
... complementary fashion, macrophages overexpressing Dizzy are vastly extended and form very long protrusions. These cell shape changes depend on the function of the small GTPase Rap1: in rap1 mutants, Dizzy is unable to induce the large protrusions. Furthermore, forced expression of a dominant-active ...
Solid Tumour Section Testis: Spermatocytic seminoma Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... selective proliferation of cells with mutations that give them growth or survival advantage and eventually to tumour formation (Goriely and Wilkie, 2012). ...
... selective proliferation of cells with mutations that give them growth or survival advantage and eventually to tumour formation (Goriely and Wilkie, 2012). ...
OPTIMISATION OF CHO CELL GROWTH AND
... proteins. More defmed culture media are being developed, particularly to ensure batch product consistency. A Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line (CHO 320) producing human interferon-y (IFN-y), a glycosylated protein, was chosen to investigate the effects of the culture environment on (I) cell growth, (2 ...
... proteins. More defmed culture media are being developed, particularly to ensure batch product consistency. A Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line (CHO 320) producing human interferon-y (IFN-y), a glycosylated protein, was chosen to investigate the effects of the culture environment on (I) cell growth, (2 ...
Cadaverine is Transported into Vibrio vulnificus Through its CadB in
... cadaverine comes out of the cell, lysine simultaneously goes into the cell through an antiporter CadB to result in forming more cadaverine. It was examined whether cadaverine, when added exogenously, was effective in protecting cells from superoxide stress. No protective effect by the exogenously ad ...
... cadaverine comes out of the cell, lysine simultaneously goes into the cell through an antiporter CadB to result in forming more cadaverine. It was examined whether cadaverine, when added exogenously, was effective in protecting cells from superoxide stress. No protective effect by the exogenously ad ...
Recent developments in the cell and molecular biology of root hairs
... directly overlying the cortical cells) develop a hairless state. Alterations in TTG activity caused developing epidermal cells to misinterpret their position and differentiate into inappropriate cell types. The ttg mutations are also associated with abnormalities in the morphology and organisation o ...
... directly overlying the cortical cells) develop a hairless state. Alterations in TTG activity caused developing epidermal cells to misinterpret their position and differentiate into inappropriate cell types. The ttg mutations are also associated with abnormalities in the morphology and organisation o ...
Notochord vacuoles are lysosome-related organelles that function in
... vacuoles acts as a morphogenic force that elongates and straightens the embryo along the anterior-posterior axis (Adams et al., 1990; Koehl et al., 2000). However, this has only been shown ex vivo and in modeled notochords and in vivo data supporting this model is still lacking. Notochord vacuoles h ...
... vacuoles acts as a morphogenic force that elongates and straightens the embryo along the anterior-posterior axis (Adams et al., 1990; Koehl et al., 2000). However, this has only been shown ex vivo and in modeled notochords and in vivo data supporting this model is still lacking. Notochord vacuoles h ...
Notochord vacuoles are lysosome-related organelles that function in
... vacuoles acts as a morphogenic force that elongates and straightens the embryo along the anterior-posterior axis (Adams et al., 1990; Koehl et al., 2000). However, this has only been shown ex vivo and in modeled notochords and in vivo data supporting this model is still lacking. Notochord vacuoles h ...
... vacuoles acts as a morphogenic force that elongates and straightens the embryo along the anterior-posterior axis (Adams et al., 1990; Koehl et al., 2000). However, this has only been shown ex vivo and in modeled notochords and in vivo data supporting this model is still lacking. Notochord vacuoles h ...
A central role for the notochord in vertebral patterning
... nuclei. (C) Representative transverse section through the epiphyseal bar of the skull (arrowheads) at 20 dpf showing large numbers of osteoblasts. (D) Representative transverse section (20 µm) through a mid-trunk centrum at 20 dpf, with no osteoblast labelling in the notochord (n) and surrounding ce ...
... nuclei. (C) Representative transverse section through the epiphyseal bar of the skull (arrowheads) at 20 dpf showing large numbers of osteoblasts. (D) Representative transverse section (20 µm) through a mid-trunk centrum at 20 dpf, with no osteoblast labelling in the notochord (n) and surrounding ce ...
Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling
... hetero-oligomers (Kusumi et al., 2011), e.g. FLS2- or BRI1-SERK3/BAK1 complexes. In plants, the cell wall has additional influence on the PM organisation and dynamics (Martinière et al., 2012). As a consequence, lateral mobility and distribution of lipids and proteins within the PM is highly hetero ...
... hetero-oligomers (Kusumi et al., 2011), e.g. FLS2- or BRI1-SERK3/BAK1 complexes. In plants, the cell wall has additional influence on the PM organisation and dynamics (Martinière et al., 2012). As a consequence, lateral mobility and distribution of lipids and proteins within the PM is highly hetero ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.