Endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria contacts: function of the junction
... members are known to be involved in lipid trafficking, a function that is also carried out at the ER–mitochondria junction14. Cells with defective members of the ERMES complex have a lower rate of PS conversion to PC than wild-type cells, indicating that ERMES may be important for coupling at sites ...
... members are known to be involved in lipid trafficking, a function that is also carried out at the ER–mitochondria junction14. Cells with defective members of the ERMES complex have a lower rate of PS conversion to PC than wild-type cells, indicating that ERMES may be important for coupling at sites ...
High density lipoprotein-associated lysosphingolipids reduce E
... However, preincubation of HUVECs for 15 min with HDL (1 g/L), SPC (10 lmol/L), and LSF (20 lmol/L) prior to cytokine stimulation for 6 h markedly restricted TNF-a-induced E-selectin induction (Fig. 2A). As shown in Fig. 2B, the effects of HDL, SPC, and LSF were concentration-dependent. To investigate ...
... However, preincubation of HUVECs for 15 min with HDL (1 g/L), SPC (10 lmol/L), and LSF (20 lmol/L) prior to cytokine stimulation for 6 h markedly restricted TNF-a-induced E-selectin induction (Fig. 2A). As shown in Fig. 2B, the effects of HDL, SPC, and LSF were concentration-dependent. To investigate ...
Localization of the Wilms` tumour protein WT1 in avian embryos
... were then rehydrated in TRIS-phosphate-buffered saline (TPBS) and the endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched by incubation for 30 min with 3% hydrogen peroxide in TPBS. After washing, non-specific binding sites were saturated for 30 min with 16% sheep serum, 1% bovine serum albumin and 0.5% Tri ...
... were then rehydrated in TRIS-phosphate-buffered saline (TPBS) and the endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched by incubation for 30 min with 3% hydrogen peroxide in TPBS. After washing, non-specific binding sites were saturated for 30 min with 16% sheep serum, 1% bovine serum albumin and 0.5% Tri ...
Robust mechanisms of ventral furrow invagination require the
... followed by the constriction of the apical domain of scattered cells within this population. As these stochastic apical constriction events become more widespread, it is thought that coordinated changes in individual cell shape translate into formation of a shallow indentation along the ventral surf ...
... followed by the constriction of the apical domain of scattered cells within this population. As these stochastic apical constriction events become more widespread, it is thought that coordinated changes in individual cell shape translate into formation of a shallow indentation along the ventral surf ...
Rheb and mammalian target of rapamycin in mitochondrial
... from the generation of ATP, the electrochemical gradient is also used for import of proteins and metabolites that are used to sustain the function of the mitochondria themselves. The function of mitochondria also includes the formation of building blocks for amino acid and fatty acid synthesis, stor ...
... from the generation of ATP, the electrochemical gradient is also used for import of proteins and metabolites that are used to sustain the function of the mitochondria themselves. The function of mitochondria also includes the formation of building blocks for amino acid and fatty acid synthesis, stor ...
Dazl regulates mouse embryonic germ cell development
... then undergoes extensive de-condensation (McLay and Clarke, 2003). Nuclear membranes then reform around the chromosomes and both maternal and paternal pronuclei move towards the center of the oocyte, undergoing DNA replication as they migrate. Once at the center of the oocyte, the nuclear membranes ...
... then undergoes extensive de-condensation (McLay and Clarke, 2003). Nuclear membranes then reform around the chromosomes and both maternal and paternal pronuclei move towards the center of the oocyte, undergoing DNA replication as they migrate. Once at the center of the oocyte, the nuclear membranes ...
Planctomycetes – a phylum of emerging interest for
... planctomycetes suggests that an endogenous rather than endosymbiotic origin for the eukaryote nucleus, e.g. (Lake & Rivera, 1994) is at least a possibility. Ultrastructure of eukaryote nuclear envelope and pore complexes also does not favour endosymbiotic origins for nuclei (Poole & Penny, 2001). Th ...
... planctomycetes suggests that an endogenous rather than endosymbiotic origin for the eukaryote nucleus, e.g. (Lake & Rivera, 1994) is at least a possibility. Ultrastructure of eukaryote nuclear envelope and pore complexes also does not favour endosymbiotic origins for nuclei (Poole & Penny, 2001). Th ...
Origin of the zebrafish endocrine and exocrine
... of where cells within a particular region are likely to be located at a later developmental stage, but do not provide any information on the state of commitment of the labeled cells. By contrast, tests of commitment require cell transplantation: cells can be termed committed if, when transplanted to ...
... of where cells within a particular region are likely to be located at a later developmental stage, but do not provide any information on the state of commitment of the labeled cells. By contrast, tests of commitment require cell transplantation: cells can be termed committed if, when transplanted to ...
Diarch Symmetry of the Vascular Bundle in
... concentric layers in contrast to the diarch to polyarch vascular tissues of the central stele. Up to now, the outermost layer of the stele, the pericycle, has always been regarded, in accordance with the outer tissue layers, as one uniform concentric layer. However, considering its lateral root-form ...
... concentric layers in contrast to the diarch to polyarch vascular tissues of the central stele. Up to now, the outermost layer of the stele, the pericycle, has always been regarded, in accordance with the outer tissue layers, as one uniform concentric layer. However, considering its lateral root-form ...
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... We are investigating the role of polarity genes in the formation of cellular junctions in the larval epidermis of the zebrafish. In zebrafish larvae, the epidermis is bi-layered, consisting of the outer periderm and the underlying basal epidermis (see Fig. 1A). The basal epidermal cells exhibit thre ...
... We are investigating the role of polarity genes in the formation of cellular junctions in the larval epidermis of the zebrafish. In zebrafish larvae, the epidermis is bi-layered, consisting of the outer periderm and the underlying basal epidermis (see Fig. 1A). The basal epidermal cells exhibit thre ...
New insights into root gravitropic signalling
... into a moving physiological signal. It has been proposed that an interaction between the sedimenting amyloplasts and proteins belonging to the endoplasmic reticulum or the plasma membrane may be involved in the graviperception. This hypothesis is based on observations in rhizoids of the green algae ...
... into a moving physiological signal. It has been proposed that an interaction between the sedimenting amyloplasts and proteins belonging to the endoplasmic reticulum or the plasma membrane may be involved in the graviperception. This hypothesis is based on observations in rhizoids of the green algae ...
Organelle size control – increasing vacuole
... size control is achieved at the molecular level. Under constant growth conditions, the size of membrane-enclosed organelles scales with cell size (Chan and Marshall, 2012). Upon changes in growth conditions, the macromolecular content and the volume occupied by an organelle type can be altered both ...
... size control is achieved at the molecular level. Under constant growth conditions, the size of membrane-enclosed organelles scales with cell size (Chan and Marshall, 2012). Upon changes in growth conditions, the macromolecular content and the volume occupied by an organelle type can be altered both ...
Epiblast and primitive-streak origins of the endoderm in
... concluded that endodermal precursors did not have an epiblast origin. Moreover, a model based largely on timelapse observations (Vakaet, 1970) suggests that three waves of cell movements occur during formation of the endoderm. First, cells were proposed to move centrifugally (i.e. towards the center ...
... concluded that endodermal precursors did not have an epiblast origin. Moreover, a model based largely on timelapse observations (Vakaet, 1970) suggests that three waves of cell movements occur during formation of the endoderm. First, cells were proposed to move centrifugally (i.e. towards the center ...
WOX11 and 12 Are Involved in the First-Step Cell
... that procambium cells, perhaps together with some parenchyma cells near the procambium in leaf explants, function like the xylempole pericycle cells in roots to produce callus, adventitious roots, and adventitious shoots. We speculated that the expression of WOX11 marked the transition of stem cell ...
... that procambium cells, perhaps together with some parenchyma cells near the procambium in leaf explants, function like the xylempole pericycle cells in roots to produce callus, adventitious roots, and adventitious shoots. We speculated that the expression of WOX11 marked the transition of stem cell ...
Mobile Factories: Golgi dynamics in plant cells
... locations around the future plane of cell division was found to occur already long before phragmoplast formation. During early metaphase a large number of stacks accumulate near the spindle poles and in an equatorial belt underlying the plasma membrane. Quantification of the stack distribution shows ...
... locations around the future plane of cell division was found to occur already long before phragmoplast formation. During early metaphase a large number of stacks accumulate near the spindle poles and in an equatorial belt underlying the plasma membrane. Quantification of the stack distribution shows ...
Exosome Biogenesis, Regulation, and Function in Viral Infection
... and, in some cases, overlapping functions. Transport of materials (metabolites, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins) between organelles has been described to be mediated by vesicles of about 60–100 nm diameter, moving in a densely populated microenvironment [5,6] (reviewed in [7]). Vesicles are also ...
... and, in some cases, overlapping functions. Transport of materials (metabolites, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins) between organelles has been described to be mediated by vesicles of about 60–100 nm diameter, moving in a densely populated microenvironment [5,6] (reviewed in [7]). Vesicles are also ...
Patent ductus arteriosus in mice with smooth muscle
... most common human congenital heart defects. PDA patients are at increased risk of pulmonary and cardiac problems such as pulmonary hemorrhage, congestive heart failure, chronic lung disease, sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (Clyman, 2006; Forsey et al., 2009; Schneider and Moore, 2006). Mice wit ...
... most common human congenital heart defects. PDA patients are at increased risk of pulmonary and cardiac problems such as pulmonary hemorrhage, congestive heart failure, chronic lung disease, sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (Clyman, 2006; Forsey et al., 2009; Schneider and Moore, 2006). Mice wit ...
Adherence and uptake of Francisella into host cells
... Additionally, uptake of Schu S4 by CR3 seems to dampen signaling through Toll-like receptor 2, leading to a less robust proinflammatory response.58,59 Geier and Celli found that when opsonized Schu S4 entered bone marrow-derived macrophages there was delayed maturation and escape from phagosomes, a ...
... Additionally, uptake of Schu S4 by CR3 seems to dampen signaling through Toll-like receptor 2, leading to a less robust proinflammatory response.58,59 Geier and Celli found that when opsonized Schu S4 entered bone marrow-derived macrophages there was delayed maturation and escape from phagosomes, a ...
dravhandling-hafte - DUO
... by signals of proteinacous nature or post-translationally added structures such as glycans. Among all polarized cell types, epithelial cells are the most studied when it comes to polarized protein sorting, due to the differential access to the apical and basolateral membrane domains obtained when ce ...
... by signals of proteinacous nature or post-translationally added structures such as glycans. Among all polarized cell types, epithelial cells are the most studied when it comes to polarized protein sorting, due to the differential access to the apical and basolateral membrane domains obtained when ce ...
The engrailed homeobox genes are required in multiple cell
... et al., 2011). By e17.5, parasagittal groups of Purkinje cells express En1/2 and granule cell precursors express En1 primarily in the presumptive vermis and En2 more broadly (Millen et al., 1995; Wilson et al., 2011). During postnatal development and in the adult, En1 or En2 continue to be expressed ...
... et al., 2011). By e17.5, parasagittal groups of Purkinje cells express En1/2 and granule cell precursors express En1 primarily in the presumptive vermis and En2 more broadly (Millen et al., 1995; Wilson et al., 2011). During postnatal development and in the adult, En1 or En2 continue to be expressed ...
fuel cell power for vehicles - University of Michigan Transportation
... In 1839, Briton Sir William Robert Grove discovered that hydrogen and oxygen could be combined to produce water and an electric current. In the 1950s, NASA scientists would utilize this discovery to develop fuel cells to power space exploration vehicles. Today, fuel cell technology is being brought ...
... In 1839, Briton Sir William Robert Grove discovered that hydrogen and oxygen could be combined to produce water and an electric current. In the 1950s, NASA scientists would utilize this discovery to develop fuel cells to power space exploration vehicles. Today, fuel cell technology is being brought ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.