TNF-induced endothelial barrier disruption: beyond actin and Rho
... ROCK inhibition reduces the permeability increase within the first minutes of TNF-stimulation in microvascular endothelial cells (33). Several reports have clearly shown that inhibition of actin polymerisation through Rho-ROCK and of myosin is not enough to impair microvascular and macrovascular bar ...
... ROCK inhibition reduces the permeability increase within the first minutes of TNF-stimulation in microvascular endothelial cells (33). Several reports have clearly shown that inhibition of actin polymerisation through Rho-ROCK and of myosin is not enough to impair microvascular and macrovascular bar ...
STEROIDOGENESIS IN THECA CELLS OF CHICKEN FOLLICLES
... those of Porter et al. (1989) and Nitta et al. (1991), who also demonstrated that estrogen production is stimulated by the coincubation of theca interna and theca externa cells and enhanced in the presence of oLH. Porter et al. (1989) also reported that E2 production by theca externa cells of F5 was ...
... those of Porter et al. (1989) and Nitta et al. (1991), who also demonstrated that estrogen production is stimulated by the coincubation of theca interna and theca externa cells and enhanced in the presence of oLH. Porter et al. (1989) also reported that E2 production by theca externa cells of F5 was ...
Cotto J. Fox S. Morimoto R . HSF1 granules
... by immunoprecipitation from extracts of control and heat shocked cells and by the use of the antibodies for antibody upshift assays. The results of the characterization of each antibody are summarized in Table 1. Antibodies that recognized other nuclear structures included mouse monoclonal anti-spli ...
... by immunoprecipitation from extracts of control and heat shocked cells and by the use of the antibodies for antibody upshift assays. The results of the characterization of each antibody are summarized in Table 1. Antibodies that recognized other nuclear structures included mouse monoclonal anti-spli ...
The Ovule and the Embryo Sac
... generation (see Cove and Knight, 1993, this issue), gametophytes of angiosperms are smaller and less complex than the sporophyte and are formed within specialized organs of the flower. The male gametophyte (pollen or microgametophyte) develops within the anther, whereas the female gametophyte (embry ...
... generation (see Cove and Knight, 1993, this issue), gametophytes of angiosperms are smaller and less complex than the sporophyte and are formed within specialized organs of the flower. The male gametophyte (pollen or microgametophyte) develops within the anther, whereas the female gametophyte (embry ...
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... of the proliferation profile does not change very much. (F) Simultaneous fit to mean P-Mad (black) and proliferation profiles (red); blue: expected mitotic decision-making profile. After the decision to undergo mitosis is made (blue), a short time elapses (delay) before cells become PH3-positive (re ...
... of the proliferation profile does not change very much. (F) Simultaneous fit to mean P-Mad (black) and proliferation profiles (red); blue: expected mitotic decision-making profile. After the decision to undergo mitosis is made (blue), a short time elapses (delay) before cells become PH3-positive (re ...
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... SUMMARY Notch and Wnt are highly conserved signalling pathways that are used repeatedly throughout animal development to generate a diverse array of cell types. However, they often have opposing effects on cell-fate decisions with each pathway promoting an alternate outcome. Commonly, a cell receivi ...
... SUMMARY Notch and Wnt are highly conserved signalling pathways that are used repeatedly throughout animal development to generate a diverse array of cell types. However, they often have opposing effects on cell-fate decisions with each pathway promoting an alternate outcome. Commonly, a cell receivi ...
Functional Analysis of Cellulose and Xyloglucan
... seedlings were used in this experiment because preliminary analyses demonstrated that there is a dramatic reduction in fluorescent protein (FP)-CESA1/3/6 particle density mm22 in guard cells from 1 to 2 weeks after germination (Supplemental Fig. S1). To validate that stomatal guard cells from young s ...
... seedlings were used in this experiment because preliminary analyses demonstrated that there is a dramatic reduction in fluorescent protein (FP)-CESA1/3/6 particle density mm22 in guard cells from 1 to 2 weeks after germination (Supplemental Fig. S1). To validate that stomatal guard cells from young s ...
Regulation of Chlamydomonas flagella and ependymal cell motile
... © 2015 Kong et al. This article is distributed by The American Society for Cell Biology under license from the author(s). Two months after publication it is available to the public under an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported ...
... © 2015 Kong et al. This article is distributed by The American Society for Cell Biology under license from the author(s). Two months after publication it is available to the public under an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported ...
Chloroplast anchoring: its implications for the
... ATP levels between the periclinal and anticlinal regions is the first cause for the different distribution patterns of chloroplasts induced by light of different intensities. Specifically, chloroplasts tend to migrate out of highly motile cytoplasmic regions with high levels of ATP and accumulate in ...
... ATP levels between the periclinal and anticlinal regions is the first cause for the different distribution patterns of chloroplasts induced by light of different intensities. Specifically, chloroplasts tend to migrate out of highly motile cytoplasmic regions with high levels of ATP and accumulate in ...
1 Introduction of autophagy
... 1. Part of the cell itself is digested (self-eating) in autophagy in the presence of inducing factors, but rare in the normal cells. 2. It is a rapid process: formation of autophagosome in 8 min, and complete degradation in 2 h. 3. Autophagy is conservative in Eukarya and different types of cells in ...
... 1. Part of the cell itself is digested (self-eating) in autophagy in the presence of inducing factors, but rare in the normal cells. 2. It is a rapid process: formation of autophagosome in 8 min, and complete degradation in 2 h. 3. Autophagy is conservative in Eukarya and different types of cells in ...
Platelet granule exocytosis: a comparison with chromaffin cells
... Dense granules and LDCVs have been compared based on their unusually high concentrations of cations, polyphosphates, adenine nucleotides, and bioactive amines such as serotonin and histamine (Sigel and Corfu, 1996) (Figure 2; Table 2). In platelets, adenine nucleotides are concentrated at ∼653 mM AD ...
... Dense granules and LDCVs have been compared based on their unusually high concentrations of cations, polyphosphates, adenine nucleotides, and bioactive amines such as serotonin and histamine (Sigel and Corfu, 1996) (Figure 2; Table 2). In platelets, adenine nucleotides are concentrated at ∼653 mM AD ...
Genetic and molecular identification of genes
... observed, ranging from defects in different stages of early embryo sac development to mutants with apparently normal embryo sacs, but exhibiting defects in processes such as pollen tube guidance, fertilization or early embryo development. Unexpectedly, nearly half of the mutants isolated in this stu ...
... observed, ranging from defects in different stages of early embryo sac development to mutants with apparently normal embryo sacs, but exhibiting defects in processes such as pollen tube guidance, fertilization or early embryo development. Unexpectedly, nearly half of the mutants isolated in this stu ...
Control of pathfinding by the avian trunk neural crest
... There is still some disagreement about the precise pathway taken by the crest through the somite. Some reports suggest that the crest invades throughout much of the sclerotome in the anterior somite (Rickmann et al. 1985; Bronner-Fraser, 1985). We found, however, that the crest cells first enter the ...
... There is still some disagreement about the precise pathway taken by the crest through the somite. Some reports suggest that the crest invades throughout much of the sclerotome in the anterior somite (Rickmann et al. 1985; Bronner-Fraser, 1985). We found, however, that the crest cells first enter the ...
Exosomes with major histocompatibility complex class II and
... The protein levels needed to saturate the beads with MDDC exosomes were highly reproducible, supporting the theory that the MDDC supernatant is a reliable source of exosomes. Higher levels of protein were needed to saturate anti-MHC class II magnetic beads with BALF exosomes, probably because exosom ...
... The protein levels needed to saturate the beads with MDDC exosomes were highly reproducible, supporting the theory that the MDDC supernatant is a reliable source of exosomes. Higher levels of protein were needed to saturate anti-MHC class II magnetic beads with BALF exosomes, probably because exosom ...
SirA enforces diploidy by inhibiting the replication
... copies of the -7° locus per nucleoid (Fig. 3B). This number is consistent with the chromosomal content of B. subtilis grown under our conditions, where celldoubling time is ~30 min (Haeusser and Levin, 2008). In support of the idea that SirA inhibits replication initiation, following 60 min of induc ...
... copies of the -7° locus per nucleoid (Fig. 3B). This number is consistent with the chromosomal content of B. subtilis grown under our conditions, where celldoubling time is ~30 min (Haeusser and Levin, 2008). In support of the idea that SirA inhibits replication initiation, following 60 min of induc ...
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... and hypophosphorylated Rb); (4) senescence-associated heterochromatic foci; and (5) enlarged or flat cell morphology [29]. In addition, senescent cells secrete a number of extracellular factors, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), insulin-like growth factor 1 binding protein (IGFBP), a ...
... and hypophosphorylated Rb); (4) senescence-associated heterochromatic foci; and (5) enlarged or flat cell morphology [29]. In addition, senescent cells secrete a number of extracellular factors, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), insulin-like growth factor 1 binding protein (IGFBP), a ...
Spherical particles of halophilic archaea correlate with exposure to
... embedding. The bright green fluorescence of cells stained with the dye SYTO9 outlined the shapes of the characteristic square or rectangular fluid inclusions of halite (Fig. 1, left). Upon higher magnification, spherical particles of Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, entrapped within a fluid inclusion, ...
... embedding. The bright green fluorescence of cells stained with the dye SYTO9 outlined the shapes of the characteristic square or rectangular fluid inclusions of halite (Fig. 1, left). Upon higher magnification, spherical particles of Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, entrapped within a fluid inclusion, ...
Functional ultrastructure of the plant nucleolus
... eukaryotic cells. They not only specialize in the production of ribosomal subunits but also play roles in many fundamental cellular activities. Concerning ribosome biosynthesis, particular stages of this process, i.e., ribosomal DNA transcription, primary RNA transcript processing, and ribosome asse ...
... eukaryotic cells. They not only specialize in the production of ribosomal subunits but also play roles in many fundamental cellular activities. Concerning ribosome biosynthesis, particular stages of this process, i.e., ribosomal DNA transcription, primary RNA transcript processing, and ribosome asse ...
Aberrant mRNA Transcripts and the Nonsense
... alternatively spliced isoforms remained constant (i.e., in the logarithmic amplification range) over 22 to 24 cycles (see Supplemental Figure 1 online; see Methods). Gene-specific primers were designed to a number of genes whose transcripts had been cloned in the nucleolar cDNA library either as abe ...
... alternatively spliced isoforms remained constant (i.e., in the logarithmic amplification range) over 22 to 24 cycles (see Supplemental Figure 1 online; see Methods). Gene-specific primers were designed to a number of genes whose transcripts had been cloned in the nucleolar cDNA library either as abe ...
1 The LF1 Gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Encodes
... the two flagella then grow out together to the wild-type length. The control of flagellar equality is further demonstrated in the null mutants of LF3 that have an unequal-length-flagella (Ulf) phenotype; these mutants are mostly flagella-less, but under certain growth conditions, two flagella of un ...
... the two flagella then grow out together to the wild-type length. The control of flagellar equality is further demonstrated in the null mutants of LF3 that have an unequal-length-flagella (Ulf) phenotype; these mutants are mostly flagella-less, but under certain growth conditions, two flagella of un ...
Genetic and molecular identification of genes
... observed, ranging from defects in different stages of early embryo sac development to mutants with apparently normal embryo sacs, but exhibiting defects in processes such as pollen tube guidance, fertilization or early embryo development. Unexpectedly, nearly half of the mutants isolated in this stu ...
... observed, ranging from defects in different stages of early embryo sac development to mutants with apparently normal embryo sacs, but exhibiting defects in processes such as pollen tube guidance, fertilization or early embryo development. Unexpectedly, nearly half of the mutants isolated in this stu ...
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... 22. What are the major membrane components in a eukaryotic cell? a. the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, and chloroplasts b. the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria c. the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi complex d. the nuclear envelope ...
... 22. What are the major membrane components in a eukaryotic cell? a. the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, and chloroplasts b. the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria c. the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi complex d. the nuclear envelope ...
Aberrant mRNA Transcripts and the Nonsense
... alternatively spliced isoforms remained constant (i.e., in the logarithmic amplification range) over 22 to 24 cycles (see Supplemental Figure 1 online; see Methods). Gene-specific primers were designed to a number of genes whose transcripts had been cloned in the nucleolar cDNA library either as abe ...
... alternatively spliced isoforms remained constant (i.e., in the logarithmic amplification range) over 22 to 24 cycles (see Supplemental Figure 1 online; see Methods). Gene-specific primers were designed to a number of genes whose transcripts had been cloned in the nucleolar cDNA library either as abe ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.