The GDP-bound form of Arf6 is located at the plasma membrane
... implicated in endocytosis and actin rearrangements at the cell periphery (Chavrier and Goud, 1999) but its precise function remains to be discovered. Two mutants of Arf6, Q67L and T27N, are considered to mimic the GTP- and GDP-bound forms, respectively, and have been used extensively to apprehend th ...
... implicated in endocytosis and actin rearrangements at the cell periphery (Chavrier and Goud, 1999) but its precise function remains to be discovered. Two mutants of Arf6, Q67L and T27N, are considered to mimic the GTP- and GDP-bound forms, respectively, and have been used extensively to apprehend th ...
Mathematical Biology
... a whole is treadmilling) it is reasonable to suppose that the probability of cutting increases along the length of the filament from its barbed end. This type of assumption will be incorporated into our model. We note, however, that there is some controversy still about whether filaments do treadmil ...
... a whole is treadmilling) it is reasonable to suppose that the probability of cutting increases along the length of the filament from its barbed end. This type of assumption will be incorporated into our model. We note, however, that there is some controversy still about whether filaments do treadmil ...
The versatility of mitochondrial calcium signals: From stimulation of
... medusa Aequorea victoria (Fig. 2A). Aequorin, as produced by various Aequorea species, includes an apoprotein and a covalently bound prosthetic group (coelenterazine). The Ca2+-dependent luminous reaction requires both the protein and the prosthetic group (Fig. 2). Since recombinant expression yield ...
... medusa Aequorea victoria (Fig. 2A). Aequorin, as produced by various Aequorea species, includes an apoprotein and a covalently bound prosthetic group (coelenterazine). The Ca2+-dependent luminous reaction requires both the protein and the prosthetic group (Fig. 2). Since recombinant expression yield ...
Localization of retinitis pigmentosa 2 to cilia is regulated by Importin 2
... Cilia are highly evolutionarily conserved organelles. They can mediate many different sensory functions, which are dependent on the cell type on which they are located (Berbari et al., 2009; Silverman and Leroux, 2009). In addition, cilia function in motility at the level of both single-celled and m ...
... Cilia are highly evolutionarily conserved organelles. They can mediate many different sensory functions, which are dependent on the cell type on which they are located (Berbari et al., 2009; Silverman and Leroux, 2009). In addition, cilia function in motility at the level of both single-celled and m ...
A Study of Specificity of Cores for Group D Streptococci
... protrusions from the main cell body (Cohen et al. 1968); in contrast, in the micrographs of Corfield & Smith (1968), intracellular 'microtubular ' structures are hollow tubular invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane of not more than about 0 - 2pm. in length and can be very numerous in some cells. ...
... protrusions from the main cell body (Cohen et al. 1968); in contrast, in the micrographs of Corfield & Smith (1968), intracellular 'microtubular ' structures are hollow tubular invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane of not more than about 0 - 2pm. in length and can be very numerous in some cells. ...
2. introduction
... Figure 1. Ca2+ wave propagation between adjoining myocytes in an intact heart of a 9month old spontaneously hypertensive rat. A: Linescan confocal image (1.92msec/line) of Ca2+ transients recorded transversely across 11 myocytes (separated by horizontal white lines) during a pause following pacing a ...
... Figure 1. Ca2+ wave propagation between adjoining myocytes in an intact heart of a 9month old spontaneously hypertensive rat. A: Linescan confocal image (1.92msec/line) of Ca2+ transients recorded transversely across 11 myocytes (separated by horizontal white lines) during a pause following pacing a ...
Light and Electron Microscopy of the Sheath of a Blue
... portions sloughed off, it stained with Alcian blue and was probably polysaccharide. The sheath formed salt-like complexes with proteins at appropriate low pH values which rendered it visible by phase-contrast microscopy. The composition of the culture medium influenced sheath formation. Electron mic ...
... portions sloughed off, it stained with Alcian blue and was probably polysaccharide. The sheath formed salt-like complexes with proteins at appropriate low pH values which rendered it visible by phase-contrast microscopy. The composition of the culture medium influenced sheath formation. Electron mic ...
Biology - Cellular, Molecular, Professional Emphasis (sample 4 Year Plan) 2011.doc
... Bio 341 Immunology (F) (3 cr) (if not used to fill preceding requirement) Bio 350 Electron Microscopy (F) (4 cr) (if not used to fill preceding requirement) Bio 354 Parasitology (S) (3 cr) Bio 374 Cell Immunology (3cr) (if not used to fill preceding requirement) Bio 389 Biotechnology (S) (3 cr) (if ...
... Bio 341 Immunology (F) (3 cr) (if not used to fill preceding requirement) Bio 350 Electron Microscopy (F) (4 cr) (if not used to fill preceding requirement) Bio 354 Parasitology (S) (3 cr) Bio 374 Cell Immunology (3cr) (if not used to fill preceding requirement) Bio 389 Biotechnology (S) (3 cr) (if ...
PDF + SI - Development - The Company of Biologists
... The 5kb PSE contains both an upstream element, PSE_a, as well as the previously described PSE_b switch enhancer reported to interact with the Eomes promoter during DE differentiation (Fig. S1A) (Beyer et al., 2013; Kartikasari et al., 2013). To investigate their functional activities in the context ...
... The 5kb PSE contains both an upstream element, PSE_a, as well as the previously described PSE_b switch enhancer reported to interact with the Eomes promoter during DE differentiation (Fig. S1A) (Beyer et al., 2013; Kartikasari et al., 2013). To investigate their functional activities in the context ...
FREE Sample Here
... Biology: Science for Life with Physiology, 4e (Belk) Chapter 2 Are We Alone in the Universe? Water, Biochemistry, and Cells 1) Each of the following is a feature of all known living things EXCEPT A) genes made from proteins. B) growth. C) homeostasis. D) metabolism. Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 2.1 Skil ...
... Biology: Science for Life with Physiology, 4e (Belk) Chapter 2 Are We Alone in the Universe? Water, Biochemistry, and Cells 1) Each of the following is a feature of all known living things EXCEPT A) genes made from proteins. B) growth. C) homeostasis. D) metabolism. Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 2.1 Skil ...
Autoregulation of Actin Synthesis by Physiological
... decrease of G-actin (fig. 3a). On the other hand, treatment with C2 toxin increased G-actin by about 50% (fig. 3a) and decreased the F-actin content by 45% within 120 min (tab. 1). This effect was identical under normotonic as well as under hypotonic conditions (fig. 3a), indicating that C2 toxin ov ...
... decrease of G-actin (fig. 3a). On the other hand, treatment with C2 toxin increased G-actin by about 50% (fig. 3a) and decreased the F-actin content by 45% within 120 min (tab. 1). This effect was identical under normotonic as well as under hypotonic conditions (fig. 3a), indicating that C2 toxin ov ...
FREE Sample Here - We can offer most test bank and
... Biology: Science for Life with Physiology, 4e (Belk) Chapter 2 Are We Alone in the Universe? Water, Biochemistry, and Cells 1) Each of the following is a feature of all known living things EXCEPT A) genes made from proteins. B) growth. C) homeostasis. D) metabolism. Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 2.1 Skil ...
... Biology: Science for Life with Physiology, 4e (Belk) Chapter 2 Are We Alone in the Universe? Water, Biochemistry, and Cells 1) Each of the following is a feature of all known living things EXCEPT A) genes made from proteins. B) growth. C) homeostasis. D) metabolism. Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 2.1 Skil ...
Xenopus hairy2 functions in neural crest formation by maintaining
... no effect on any of the neural crest markers examined at stage 17: Slug (A) and FoxD3 (B). C,D: In embryos injected with Xhairy2-MO, the expression of Slug (C) and FoxD3 (D) in inhibited on the injected side (red arrowhead) at stage 17. E,F: Compared with the control side (E), the Xhairy2-MO injecte ...
... no effect on any of the neural crest markers examined at stage 17: Slug (A) and FoxD3 (B). C,D: In embryos injected with Xhairy2-MO, the expression of Slug (C) and FoxD3 (D) in inhibited on the injected side (red arrowhead) at stage 17. E,F: Compared with the control side (E), the Xhairy2-MO injecte ...
Calcium oscillations in higher plants Nicola H Evans*, Martin R
... model in investigations of the generation of [Ca2+]cyt oscillations. Using calcium imaging and the manganese quench technique, McAinsh et al. [8] showed that plasma membrane calcium-permeable channels were involved in the generation of [Ca2+]ext-induced oscillations in [Ca2+]cyt (i.e. oscillations i ...
... model in investigations of the generation of [Ca2+]cyt oscillations. Using calcium imaging and the manganese quench technique, McAinsh et al. [8] showed that plasma membrane calcium-permeable channels were involved in the generation of [Ca2+]ext-induced oscillations in [Ca2+]cyt (i.e. oscillations i ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
... pole (31). As a result of the asymmetrical erosion and new ...
... pole (31). As a result of the asymmetrical erosion and new ...
Cell cycle checkpoints in Caenorhabditis elegans
... DTC: Distal Tip Cells HU: Hydroxyurea IR: Ionizing Radiation NEBD: Nuclear Envelope Breakdown ssDNA: single stranded DNA UV: Ultra Violet light ...
... DTC: Distal Tip Cells HU: Hydroxyurea IR: Ionizing Radiation NEBD: Nuclear Envelope Breakdown ssDNA: single stranded DNA UV: Ultra Violet light ...
The Wnt signaling pathway mechanisms
... and Moon, 2014)). Wnt signals are required in diverse crucial processes, like gastrulation (Haegel et al., 1995; Hardy et al., 2008), and in cell fate specification in various tissues, like the central nervous system and limbs (Haegel et al., 1995; Lescher et al., 1998; Galceran et al., 1999). Wnt s ...
... and Moon, 2014)). Wnt signals are required in diverse crucial processes, like gastrulation (Haegel et al., 1995; Hardy et al., 2008), and in cell fate specification in various tissues, like the central nervous system and limbs (Haegel et al., 1995; Lescher et al., 1998; Galceran et al., 1999). Wnt s ...
Functional Regulation of MyD88-Activated Interferon Regulatory
... insight into IRF-5 gene induction program through hitherto unknown processes of IRF-5 ubiquitination. IRF-5 is a related family member that is implicated in the innate inflammatory response, where it has been shown to control induction not only of type I IFN genes but also of inflammatory cytokines ...
... insight into IRF-5 gene induction program through hitherto unknown processes of IRF-5 ubiquitination. IRF-5 is a related family member that is implicated in the innate inflammatory response, where it has been shown to control induction not only of type I IFN genes but also of inflammatory cytokines ...
Up-regulation of junctophilin-2 prevents ER stress and apoptosis in
... Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death, and reperfusion which can restore blood flow is the primary therapy. However, reperfusion can induce further damage to cardiomyocytes, a condition described as ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. I/R is now recognized as a combination determining ...
... Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death, and reperfusion which can restore blood flow is the primary therapy. However, reperfusion can induce further damage to cardiomyocytes, a condition described as ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. I/R is now recognized as a combination determining ...
Autophagy and pancreatitis
... impaired autophagy leads to cell pathology. For example, a major consequence of impaired autophagy is accumulation of damaged (e.g., uncoupled) mitochondria (26, 113). In particular, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization caused by various stressors results in ATP decrease, overproduction of reacti ...
... impaired autophagy leads to cell pathology. For example, a major consequence of impaired autophagy is accumulation of damaged (e.g., uncoupled) mitochondria (26, 113). In particular, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization caused by various stressors results in ATP decrease, overproduction of reacti ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Export Sites and Golgi Bodies Behave as
... ER-to-Golgi protein transport may occur in plants. It was proposed that Golgi bodies move between fixed ERES in an actinmyosin–dependent fashion (stop-and-go model; Nebenführ et al., 1999). This model suggests that Golgi bodies become competent for cargo collection once they come to a halt on an ER ...
... ER-to-Golgi protein transport may occur in plants. It was proposed that Golgi bodies move between fixed ERES in an actinmyosin–dependent fashion (stop-and-go model; Nebenführ et al., 1999). This model suggests that Golgi bodies become competent for cargo collection once they come to a halt on an ER ...
Thesis titel 1.5 final - SciDok
... differentiation raise new hopes in the field of medicine for using these cells in regenerative and transplantation therapy. However, even using the state of the art techniques, it is not possible yet to culture a piece of tissue in vitro. The current technology of in vitro culture of cells in flasks ...
... differentiation raise new hopes in the field of medicine for using these cells in regenerative and transplantation therapy. However, even using the state of the art techniques, it is not possible yet to culture a piece of tissue in vitro. The current technology of in vitro culture of cells in flasks ...
The actin cytoskeleton is a target of the self
... prior to the formation of punctate foci of actin at the cell cortex. Although the SI response can be reproduced in pollen tubes that have been grown for several hours, this is not what generally happens in vivo, where inhibition normally occurs in pollen grains, either before or soon after germinati ...
... prior to the formation of punctate foci of actin at the cell cortex. Although the SI response can be reproduced in pollen tubes that have been grown for several hours, this is not what generally happens in vivo, where inhibition normally occurs in pollen grains, either before or soon after germinati ...
Extrapolation of elementary rate constants of P
... for several P-gp substrates as well as efflux active P-gp surface density, which mathematically define the Km and Vmax, were successfully obtained in confluent MDCKII-hMDR1-NKI cells. Importantly, this model can detect kinetic involvement of additional uptake transporters for substrates with relativ ...
... for several P-gp substrates as well as efflux active P-gp surface density, which mathematically define the Km and Vmax, were successfully obtained in confluent MDCKII-hMDR1-NKI cells. Importantly, this model can detect kinetic involvement of additional uptake transporters for substrates with relativ ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.