Utilization and Transport of Mannitol in Olea
... that, in O. europaea, monosaccharides and polyols are transported via two distinct transport systems with different Kms. This could account for the results depicted in Fig. 1B, where glucose is the first substrate to be consumed when growth occurred in a medium with glucose and mannitol. To study th ...
... that, in O. europaea, monosaccharides and polyols are transported via two distinct transport systems with different Kms. This could account for the results depicted in Fig. 1B, where glucose is the first substrate to be consumed when growth occurred in a medium with glucose and mannitol. To study th ...
The Notochord and Floor Plate Guide Growth Cones
... of the spinal cord. However, since a significant proportion of these growth cones followed their normal pathway despite the absence of the floor plate, we hypothesized that a second source of cues must exist at or near the ventral midline. We tested whether the notochord, which is located just ventr ...
... of the spinal cord. However, since a significant proportion of these growth cones followed their normal pathway despite the absence of the floor plate, we hypothesized that a second source of cues must exist at or near the ventral midline. We tested whether the notochord, which is located just ventr ...
Clostridium and Bacillus Binary Enterotoxins
... binding to Vero (African Green Monkey kidney) cells at 37 °C, unlike Ib heptamers that form on the cell surface [49]. Like C2II, Vero cell-bound Ibp is not subsequently activated over time or after incubation with an excess of trypsin or chymotrypsin [50]. To date, extensive proteolytic activation s ...
... binding to Vero (African Green Monkey kidney) cells at 37 °C, unlike Ib heptamers that form on the cell surface [49]. Like C2II, Vero cell-bound Ibp is not subsequently activated over time or after incubation with an excess of trypsin or chymotrypsin [50]. To date, extensive proteolytic activation s ...
THE ROLE OF NODAL SIGNALING IN PATTERNING THE
... comprise the adult body plan. Cells differentiate according to their position in the embryo in a highly reproducible fashion. Patterning is fundamental to establishing the spatial organization of the developing embryo (Heasman, 1997), ensuring that all the parts of the body are generated and that th ...
... comprise the adult body plan. Cells differentiate according to their position in the embryo in a highly reproducible fashion. Patterning is fundamental to establishing the spatial organization of the developing embryo (Heasman, 1997), ensuring that all the parts of the body are generated and that th ...
The TSC1–TSC2 complex: a molecular switchboard controlling cell
... TOR proteins are serine/threonine kinases of the PIKK (phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinase) family, with orthologues found in all eukaryotes. TOR proteins play an evolutionarily conserved role in the control of cell growth (i.e. an increase in cell size), but they have also been found to regula ...
... TOR proteins are serine/threonine kinases of the PIKK (phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinase) family, with orthologues found in all eukaryotes. TOR proteins play an evolutionarily conserved role in the control of cell growth (i.e. an increase in cell size), but they have also been found to regula ...
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... regulation vary by species. Pre-RC assembly begins with ORC loading onto presumptive origin DNA. Interestingly, ORC DNA binding—particularly in metazoan genomes—is largely independent of DNA sequence, but is highly influenced by local chromatin characteristics [26–28]. ORC recruits the Cdc6 protein ...
... regulation vary by species. Pre-RC assembly begins with ORC loading onto presumptive origin DNA. Interestingly, ORC DNA binding—particularly in metazoan genomes—is largely independent of DNA sequence, but is highly influenced by local chromatin characteristics [26–28]. ORC recruits the Cdc6 protein ...
Mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and cardiovascular disease
... crucial for normal cell physiology, particularly in cells with high energy demands. This is particularly certain in the heart, where mitochondria occupy approximately 30% of the total cell volume – and produce an astounding 6 kg of ATP per day through oxidative phosphorylation – in order to sustain ...
... crucial for normal cell physiology, particularly in cells with high energy demands. This is particularly certain in the heart, where mitochondria occupy approximately 30% of the total cell volume – and produce an astounding 6 kg of ATP per day through oxidative phosphorylation – in order to sustain ...
Structural features of the vesicle of Frankia sp. CpI1
... one can see the "maltese-cross" configuration of the outer structure of this spherical body, which can be interpreted as either a circumferential layering of thin laminae forming the outer layer or envelope of the vesicle or as a radial arrangement of elements comprising the envelope. The optical ba ...
... one can see the "maltese-cross" configuration of the outer structure of this spherical body, which can be interpreted as either a circumferential layering of thin laminae forming the outer layer or envelope of the vesicle or as a radial arrangement of elements comprising the envelope. The optical ba ...
Get PDF file - Botanik in Bonn
... were immuno¯uorescently localized exclusively in the outgrowing bulge, in the cytoplasmic portion beneath the bulge and in the nucleus (Fig. 5). Optical sectioning by confocal microscopy revealed that PIP2 was not exclusively associated with the plasma membrane but is also present in the cytoplasm. ...
... were immuno¯uorescently localized exclusively in the outgrowing bulge, in the cytoplasmic portion beneath the bulge and in the nucleus (Fig. 5). Optical sectioning by confocal microscopy revealed that PIP2 was not exclusively associated with the plasma membrane but is also present in the cytoplasm. ...
PIN-Dependent Auxin Transport: Action, Regulation
... members of the family, and look at the family from an evolutionary perspective. Next, we cover the cell biological and molecular aspects of PIN function, in particular the establishment of their polar subcellular localization. Hormonal and environmental inputs into the regulation of PIN action are s ...
... members of the family, and look at the family from an evolutionary perspective. Next, we cover the cell biological and molecular aspects of PIN function, in particular the establishment of their polar subcellular localization. Hormonal and environmental inputs into the regulation of PIN action are s ...
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... formation in the mesenchyme. These include a rapid increase in cell proliferation between 12 and 24 h of culture and a shift in the extracellular matrix composition from a mesenchymal to an epithelial type. Based on these observations we have suggested that the responsiveness to transferrin is acqui ...
... formation in the mesenchyme. These include a rapid increase in cell proliferation between 12 and 24 h of culture and a shift in the extracellular matrix composition from a mesenchymal to an epithelial type. Based on these observations we have suggested that the responsiveness to transferrin is acqui ...
Exosomes: Implications in HIV-1 Pathogenesis
... to present major histocompatibility class II—antigen complexes to T lymphocytes [4]. Furthermore, in 2007, exosomes from human and murine mast cells were discovered to contain functional mRNA and miRNA that could be donated to recipient cells and translated into heterologous or homologous proteins [ ...
... to present major histocompatibility class II—antigen complexes to T lymphocytes [4]. Furthermore, in 2007, exosomes from human and murine mast cells were discovered to contain functional mRNA and miRNA that could be donated to recipient cells and translated into heterologous or homologous proteins [ ...
Direct Interaction between Survivin and Smac/DIABLO Is Essential
... Survivin (Surv-BIR) lacking its C-terminal and Smac/DIABLO were also cloned into pEGFP-C1 plasmid, respectively. In addition, the gene fragments (reacted by PCR for primer pairs P12/P1) was used to generated pTRE2/A-Surv (coding for antisense Survivin). The DNA fragment coding for mature Smac/DIABLO ...
... Survivin (Surv-BIR) lacking its C-terminal and Smac/DIABLO were also cloned into pEGFP-C1 plasmid, respectively. In addition, the gene fragments (reacted by PCR for primer pairs P12/P1) was used to generated pTRE2/A-Surv (coding for antisense Survivin). The DNA fragment coding for mature Smac/DIABLO ...
ABA-based chemical signalling: the co-ordination of
... (1991). These authors calculated that the amount of ABA carried in the transpiration stream of cotton plants each day is nine times in excess of the amount of ABA actually detected in the leaves at the end of the day. In the past it has been argued (e.g. Jackson 1993) that as the transpirational flu ...
... (1991). These authors calculated that the amount of ABA carried in the transpiration stream of cotton plants each day is nine times in excess of the amount of ABA actually detected in the leaves at the end of the day. In the past it has been argued (e.g. Jackson 1993) that as the transpirational flu ...
Negative regulators of integrin activity - Journal of Cell Science
... inactivation. Negative integrin regulators can inactivate integrins by using three different mechanisms. In the first, clasp stabilisers shield the salt bridge between an arginine residue in the a-integrin cytoplasmic domain and an aspartate residue in the b-integrin cytoplasmic domain (1). The pres ...
... inactivation. Negative integrin regulators can inactivate integrins by using three different mechanisms. In the first, clasp stabilisers shield the salt bridge between an arginine residue in the a-integrin cytoplasmic domain and an aspartate residue in the b-integrin cytoplasmic domain (1). The pres ...
Sensitive Interaction between Raptor a
... detergents, or the proteins may not interact directly and only bind through mTOR. To identify the GL binding site(s) on mTOR, we tested the capacity of full-length HA-GL to interact with myctagged fragments of mTOR coexpressed in HEK-293T cells (Figure 1F). GL interacts strongly with the C-termin ...
... detergents, or the proteins may not interact directly and only bind through mTOR. To identify the GL binding site(s) on mTOR, we tested the capacity of full-length HA-GL to interact with myctagged fragments of mTOR coexpressed in HEK-293T cells (Figure 1F). GL interacts strongly with the C-termin ...
Lateral root initiation is a probabilistic event whose frequency is set
... probability of forming an LR at any given location along the longitudinal axis of the parent root thus resembles the probability of a crowd gathering for an event at a given place and time. The likelihood varies depending on the ability of the participants to arrive at the location, which in turn de ...
... probability of forming an LR at any given location along the longitudinal axis of the parent root thus resembles the probability of a crowd gathering for an event at a given place and time. The likelihood varies depending on the ability of the participants to arrive at the location, which in turn de ...
The Role Of The Planar Cell Polarity Pathway In The Second Heart
... Outflow Tract (OFT) malformations underlie a majority of congenital heart defects (CHD) in humans and are a leading cause of childhood mortality. The OFT, which gives rise to the aorta and pulmonary artery of the heart, relies on the contribution of the Second Heart Field (SHF) progenitors in the ph ...
... Outflow Tract (OFT) malformations underlie a majority of congenital heart defects (CHD) in humans and are a leading cause of childhood mortality. The OFT, which gives rise to the aorta and pulmonary artery of the heart, relies on the contribution of the Second Heart Field (SHF) progenitors in the ph ...
Characterization of the Visceral Endoderm Components in Early
... morphological movements to generate the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm), from which the whole fetus develops later. (Snow and Bennett, 1978; Skreb et al., 1991; Tam et al., 2006; Tam and Loebel, 2007; Solnica-Krezel and Sepich, 2012) The term gastrulation is derived from ...
... morphological movements to generate the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm), from which the whole fetus develops later. (Snow and Bennett, 1978; Skreb et al., 1991; Tam et al., 2006; Tam and Loebel, 2007; Solnica-Krezel and Sepich, 2012) The term gastrulation is derived from ...
Repeat motifs of tau bind to the insides of microtubules in the
... The tau family of microtubule-asssociated proteins has a microtubule-binding domain which includes three or four conserved sequence repeats. Pelleting assays show that when tubulin and tau are coassembled into microtubules, the presence of taxol reduces the amount of tau incorporated. In the absence ...
... The tau family of microtubule-asssociated proteins has a microtubule-binding domain which includes three or four conserved sequence repeats. Pelleting assays show that when tubulin and tau are coassembled into microtubules, the presence of taxol reduces the amount of tau incorporated. In the absence ...
`Sarcomeres` of smooth muscle - Journal of Cell Science
... seconds) was needed to obtain maximal shortening. It should be pointed out that the true plateau of an isotonic contraction may not be obtainable if there is ongoing adaptation of the muscle to length change. The protocol described above therefore excluded the effects of slow length adaptation that ...
... seconds) was needed to obtain maximal shortening. It should be pointed out that the true plateau of an isotonic contraction may not be obtainable if there is ongoing adaptation of the muscle to length change. The protocol described above therefore excluded the effects of slow length adaptation that ...
Report Argonaute Loading Improves the 5
... under evolutionary pressure to maintain their seed sequences—that is, they have targets—or that secondary constraints, such as the sequence requirements for loading small RNAs into functional Argonaute complexes, narrow the range of miRNA and miRNA* 50 ends that accumulate in flies. Results and Disc ...
... under evolutionary pressure to maintain their seed sequences—that is, they have targets—or that secondary constraints, such as the sequence requirements for loading small RNAs into functional Argonaute complexes, narrow the range of miRNA and miRNA* 50 ends that accumulate in flies. Results and Disc ...
Focusing on unpolymerized actin.
... The intracellular proteins that bind to actin monomers can be grouped into four families, based on their amino acid sequences:/~-thymosins, profilins, actin depolymerizing factors (actin depolymerizing factor (ADF), 1 actophorin, cofilin, depactin, and destrin), and actobindin (so far purified only ...
... The intracellular proteins that bind to actin monomers can be grouped into four families, based on their amino acid sequences:/~-thymosins, profilins, actin depolymerizing factors (actin depolymerizing factor (ADF), 1 actophorin, cofilin, depactin, and destrin), and actobindin (so far purified only ...
Structure and function of the notochord: an essential
... The ultimate fate of the notochord also emphasises the relatedness of notochord and cartilage. During endochondral bone formation, the type II collagen-rich extracellular matrix of cartilage is deposited with type X collagen, which signals the eventual replacement of cartilage by bone (Linsenmayer e ...
... The ultimate fate of the notochord also emphasises the relatedness of notochord and cartilage. During endochondral bone formation, the type II collagen-rich extracellular matrix of cartilage is deposited with type X collagen, which signals the eventual replacement of cartilage by bone (Linsenmayer e ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.