Micronuclei Bearing Acentric Extrachromosomal Chromatin Are
... the daughter cells by tethering to the chromosomes (14-16). Although DMs are composed of early-replicating euchromatin (17), their binding to the mitotic chromosomes leads to their localization in G1 phase at the nuclear periphery, which is rich in heterochromatin. When the DMs themselves replicate ...
... the daughter cells by tethering to the chromosomes (14-16). Although DMs are composed of early-replicating euchromatin (17), their binding to the mitotic chromosomes leads to their localization in G1 phase at the nuclear periphery, which is rich in heterochromatin. When the DMs themselves replicate ...
6 Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes
... The molecules of any substance, be it solid, liquid, or gas, are in a continuous state of movement or vibration, and the warmer a substance is, the faster its molecules move. The average speed of this “thermal motion” also depends upon the mass of the molecule. At body temperature, a molecule of wat ...
... The molecules of any substance, be it solid, liquid, or gas, are in a continuous state of movement or vibration, and the warmer a substance is, the faster its molecules move. The average speed of this “thermal motion” also depends upon the mass of the molecule. At body temperature, a molecule of wat ...
Neural Activity in Primary Motor Cortex Related to Mechanical Loads
... the mechanical load was applied directly to the upper arm and forearm, and not through the hand. Five repeat trials of each load condition were presented in a pseudo-random block design. Data analyses were based on the mean discharge of the cell for the last 2 seconds of each trial. We used conventi ...
... the mechanical load was applied directly to the upper arm and forearm, and not through the hand. Five repeat trials of each load condition were presented in a pseudo-random block design. Data analyses were based on the mean discharge of the cell for the last 2 seconds of each trial. We used conventi ...
PDF - Potter Lab
... differentiation. It was suggested that the large cell phenotype may be caused by endoreplication (Ito and Rubin, 1999). Moreover, organs that contain a majority of Tsc2 mutant cells were increased in size. However, the functions of Drosophila Tsc1 remained uncharacterized. Recent studies have indica ...
... differentiation. It was suggested that the large cell phenotype may be caused by endoreplication (Ito and Rubin, 1999). Moreover, organs that contain a majority of Tsc2 mutant cells were increased in size. However, the functions of Drosophila Tsc1 remained uncharacterized. Recent studies have indica ...
1 Function of the Arabidopsis kinesin-4, FRA1, requires
... RNA and proteins were isolated from 2-week old seedlings. Total RNA was extracted by the Trizol method and complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized with revertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (ThermoFisher Scientific). Quantitative RT-PCR was performed using the SYBR method with primers listed in Zhu ...
... RNA and proteins were isolated from 2-week old seedlings. Total RNA was extracted by the Trizol method and complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized with revertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (ThermoFisher Scientific). Quantitative RT-PCR was performed using the SYBR method with primers listed in Zhu ...
Amphibian gastrulation: history and evolution of a 125 year
... Darwin’s evolutionist theory. In the late 1860s, he was trying to draw a phyletic tree of the animal and vegetal kingdoms and was especially interested in embryological comparisons between different phyla, inasmuch as they shared similar embryonic stages. This was considered to be evidence for phylo ...
... Darwin’s evolutionist theory. In the late 1860s, he was trying to draw a phyletic tree of the animal and vegetal kingdoms and was especially interested in embryological comparisons between different phyla, inasmuch as they shared similar embryonic stages. This was considered to be evidence for phylo ...
the fine-tuning of the endomembrane system
... in the development of infected cells. The maintenance of symbiosomes requires a major adjustment of the pathway controlling vacuole formation as well as tonoplasttargeted trafficking. We show that the expression of VPS11 and VPS39, two members of vacuolar tethering complex HOPS, are suppressed in in ...
... in the development of infected cells. The maintenance of symbiosomes requires a major adjustment of the pathway controlling vacuole formation as well as tonoplasttargeted trafficking. We show that the expression of VPS11 and VPS39, two members of vacuolar tethering complex HOPS, are suppressed in in ...
Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes
... used here, fusion implies physical fusion of two cells leading to a single cellular compartment and a single integrated genome (whether or not the genome is separated by a membrane). This process is different to the origin of the mitochondrion, meaning that modern eukaryotes emerge from three cells, ...
... used here, fusion implies physical fusion of two cells leading to a single cellular compartment and a single integrated genome (whether or not the genome is separated by a membrane). This process is different to the origin of the mitochondrion, meaning that modern eukaryotes emerge from three cells, ...
as Adobe PDF - Edinburgh Research Explorer
... Mouse mutants that lack LHX2 expression show unusually high levels of proliferation in the ventral diencephalic floor, with concomitant failure of infundibular evagination (Zhao et al., 2010). In Fgf10 knockout mice, furthermore, the infundibulum similarly fails to evaginate fully and infundibular c ...
... Mouse mutants that lack LHX2 expression show unusually high levels of proliferation in the ventral diencephalic floor, with concomitant failure of infundibular evagination (Zhao et al., 2010). In Fgf10 knockout mice, furthermore, the infundibulum similarly fails to evaginate fully and infundibular c ...
Amyloplasts and Vacuolar Membrane Dynamics in
... Higher plants cannot escape from the place where they germinate and settle, even if the environmental conditions drastically change. Plants have developed many mechanisms during the course of evolution to survive in such circumstances by changing growth direction or architecture of their body shape. ...
... Higher plants cannot escape from the place where they germinate and settle, even if the environmental conditions drastically change. Plants have developed many mechanisms during the course of evolution to survive in such circumstances by changing growth direction or architecture of their body shape. ...
as a PDF
... Higher plants cannot escape from the place where they germinate and settle, even if the environmental conditions drastically change. Plants have developed many mechanisms during the course of evolution to survive in such circumstances by changing growth direction or architecture of their body shape. ...
... Higher plants cannot escape from the place where they germinate and settle, even if the environmental conditions drastically change. Plants have developed many mechanisms during the course of evolution to survive in such circumstances by changing growth direction or architecture of their body shape. ...
FGF-dependent midline-derived progenitor cells in hypothalamic
... Mouse mutants that lack LHX2 expression show unusually high levels of proliferation in the ventral diencephalic floor, with concomitant failure of infundibular evagination (Zhao et al., 2010). In Fgf10 knockout mice, furthermore, the infundibulum similarly fails to evaginate fully and infundibular c ...
... Mouse mutants that lack LHX2 expression show unusually high levels of proliferation in the ventral diencephalic floor, with concomitant failure of infundibular evagination (Zhao et al., 2010). In Fgf10 knockout mice, furthermore, the infundibulum similarly fails to evaginate fully and infundibular c ...
Influence of Bacillus subtilis Cell Walls and EDTA on Calcite
... serves to strip the cell walls of calcium ions and other substances acquired from the growth medium. The total bacterial concentration is reported as wet weight per liter of bacterial suspension after centrifugation at 6000 rpm (RCF ) 2560g; 12) for 30 min. This measurement was used to estimate the ...
... serves to strip the cell walls of calcium ions and other substances acquired from the growth medium. The total bacterial concentration is reported as wet weight per liter of bacterial suspension after centrifugation at 6000 rpm (RCF ) 2560g; 12) for 30 min. This measurement was used to estimate the ...
University of Groningen Effects of structure, morphology and
... heparin (American Pharmaceutical partners, Los Angeles, California, USA). Six ml of blood was drawn directly into each loop, replacing 50% of the Plasma-Lyte solution. The final concentration of heparin in the blood-filled loops was 0.25 IU/ml. After addition of blood, the loops were immediately pla ...
... heparin (American Pharmaceutical partners, Los Angeles, California, USA). Six ml of blood was drawn directly into each loop, replacing 50% of the Plasma-Lyte solution. The final concentration of heparin in the blood-filled loops was 0.25 IU/ml. After addition of blood, the loops were immediately pla ...
Quantifying the range of a lipid phosphate signal in vivo
... Amrita Mukherjee, Richard A. Neher and Andrew D. Renault*,` Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany *Author for correspondence ([email protected]; [email protected]) ...
... Amrita Mukherjee, Richard A. Neher and Andrew D. Renault*,` Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany *Author for correspondence ([email protected]; [email protected]) ...
Characterization of Pinin, A Novel Protein Associated with the
... remain concerning the molecular organization of the desmosome, the mechanism of desmosomal assembly and disassembly, and the modulation of the desmosome during essential activities of the epithelial cell. We have identified a phosphoprotein with an Mr ~140,000, as judged by SDS-PAGE and Western blot ...
... remain concerning the molecular organization of the desmosome, the mechanism of desmosomal assembly and disassembly, and the modulation of the desmosome during essential activities of the epithelial cell. We have identified a phosphoprotein with an Mr ~140,000, as judged by SDS-PAGE and Western blot ...
How to define flow cytometry ? Méthodes d’étude de la cellule
... °PE/CY5 fixed monocytes and B lymphocytes of mice SJL, AKR, NOD Rappel PE-CY5 excited at 488 nm by the emit energy transferred from PE but also by the laser 633 nm via CY5, compensations could be elevated or difficult to realize so try to replace PE-CY5 by PECY5.5 or PE-CY7 in a combination with APC ...
... °PE/CY5 fixed monocytes and B lymphocytes of mice SJL, AKR, NOD Rappel PE-CY5 excited at 488 nm by the emit energy transferred from PE but also by the laser 633 nm via CY5, compensations could be elevated or difficult to realize so try to replace PE-CY5 by PECY5.5 or PE-CY7 in a combination with APC ...
Planta
... acids that are metabolized within hours by soil microorganisms (Jones et al. 2003), while specialized microbes, referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), generate an array of biologically active compounds that elicit growth promotion and induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants ...
... acids that are metabolized within hours by soil microorganisms (Jones et al. 2003), while specialized microbes, referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), generate an array of biologically active compounds that elicit growth promotion and induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants ...
Volume 94, issue 2 July 2011 ...
... universal mechanism of axonal elongation exists across different species. 2. Forces and axonal elongation 2.1. Forces cause axons to grow It is utterly remarkable that neurons can grow to the length of 30 m in blue whales and more than 1 m in humans (Smith, 2009), perhaps even more so when consideri ...
... universal mechanism of axonal elongation exists across different species. 2. Forces and axonal elongation 2.1. Forces cause axons to grow It is utterly remarkable that neurons can grow to the length of 30 m in blue whales and more than 1 m in humans (Smith, 2009), perhaps even more so when consideri ...
Neuronal polarity: an evolutionary perspective
... accomplished by specialization of neuronal processes into axons and dendrites, with axons as the output side of the cell and dendrites the input side. This specialization is termed neuronal polarity. In assembling the functional circuit maps that underlie behaviors, it is very helpful to know whethe ...
... accomplished by specialization of neuronal processes into axons and dendrites, with axons as the output side of the cell and dendrites the input side. This specialization is termed neuronal polarity. In assembling the functional circuit maps that underlie behaviors, it is very helpful to know whethe ...
Dev Biol 364(2), 138-48. PDF
... many structural and regulatory components that are commonly found and function in many epithelial tissues. However, the mechanism of TE formation is currently not well understood. Prickle1 (Pk1), a core component of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, is essential for epiblast polarization befor ...
... many structural and regulatory components that are commonly found and function in many epithelial tissues. However, the mechanism of TE formation is currently not well understood. Prickle1 (Pk1), a core component of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, is essential for epiblast polarization befor ...
Structural and functional classes of multipolar cells in the ventral
... Multipolar cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) are a structurally and functionally diverse group of projection neurons. Understanding their role in the ascending pathway involves partitioning multipolar cells into distinct populations and determining where in the brain each sends its coded m ...
... Multipolar cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) are a structurally and functionally diverse group of projection neurons. Understanding their role in the ascending pathway involves partitioning multipolar cells into distinct populations and determining where in the brain each sends its coded m ...
Mitochondrial behaviour throughout the lytic cycle of Toxoplasma
... eukaryotic single-cell parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The lytic cycle, driven by the tachyzoite life stage, is responsible for acute toxoplasmosis. It is known that whilst inside a host cell the tachyzoite maintains its single mitochondrion at its periphery. We found that upon parasite transition from ...
... eukaryotic single-cell parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The lytic cycle, driven by the tachyzoite life stage, is responsible for acute toxoplasmosis. It is known that whilst inside a host cell the tachyzoite maintains its single mitochondrion at its periphery. We found that upon parasite transition from ...
The origins, function, and regulation of T follicular helper cells
... Provision of help to B cells during TD B cell responses requires that CD4+ T cells be in close proximity to cognate B cells. This occurs at the T cell–B cell border/interfollicular zones and within GCs (Fig. 1 A). Because of its role in directing cells toward B cell areas, CXCR5 was an early definin ...
... Provision of help to B cells during TD B cell responses requires that CD4+ T cells be in close proximity to cognate B cells. This occurs at the T cell–B cell border/interfollicular zones and within GCs (Fig. 1 A). Because of its role in directing cells toward B cell areas, CXCR5 was an early definin ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.