The origins, function, and regulation of T follicular helper cells
... Provision of help to B cells during TD B cell responses requires that CD4+ T cells be in close proximity to cognate B cells. This occurs at the T cell–B cell border/interfollicular zones and within GCs (Fig. 1 A). Because of its role in directing cells toward B cell areas, CXCR5 was an early definin ...
... Provision of help to B cells during TD B cell responses requires that CD4+ T cells be in close proximity to cognate B cells. This occurs at the T cell–B cell border/interfollicular zones and within GCs (Fig. 1 A). Because of its role in directing cells toward B cell areas, CXCR5 was an early definin ...
Molecular Microbioiogy
... components isolated from chvB mutants did not possess rhicadhesin activity, whereas cell surface preparations isolated from A. tumefaciens wild-type and plasmid-cured cells did. The same results were obtained with inhibition of attachment of R leguminosarum 248. This result indicates that no active ...
... components isolated from chvB mutants did not possess rhicadhesin activity, whereas cell surface preparations isolated from A. tumefaciens wild-type and plasmid-cured cells did. The same results were obtained with inhibition of attachment of R leguminosarum 248. This result indicates that no active ...
c-Myc Overexpression Increases Cell Size and Impairs Cartilage
... Overexpression of c-myc Resulted in Limb Buds of Larger Size than Normal. To obtain forced expression of c-myc, we used a retroviral vector (RCASBP-A) containing the c-myc coding region (26). Concentrated viral stocks were injected into the prospective right-wing field of stage 12–14 embryos or dire ...
... Overexpression of c-myc Resulted in Limb Buds of Larger Size than Normal. To obtain forced expression of c-myc, we used a retroviral vector (RCASBP-A) containing the c-myc coding region (26). Concentrated viral stocks were injected into the prospective right-wing field of stage 12–14 embryos or dire ...
Nitric Oxide Acts as an Antioxidant and Delays Programmed Cell
... influences aspects of growth and development, and can affect plant responses to stress. In some cases, the effects of NO are the result of its interaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS). These interactions can be cytotoxic or protective. Because gibberellin (GA)-induced programmed cell death (PC ...
... influences aspects of growth and development, and can affect plant responses to stress. In some cases, the effects of NO are the result of its interaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS). These interactions can be cytotoxic or protective. Because gibberellin (GA)-induced programmed cell death (PC ...
LvNotch positions the ectoderm-endoderm boundary
... the translation of injected mRNAs nor the phenotypes produced (see Fig. 7; data not shown). Similar to Lytechinus pictus embryos (see Henry et al., 1989), we noted that in Lytechinus variegatus, the third cleavage plane was usually slightly subequatorial. Thus, for consistency, we only injected blas ...
... the translation of injected mRNAs nor the phenotypes produced (see Fig. 7; data not shown). Similar to Lytechinus pictus embryos (see Henry et al., 1989), we noted that in Lytechinus variegatus, the third cleavage plane was usually slightly subequatorial. Thus, for consistency, we only injected blas ...
article in press - MPI
... show neighboring confocal sections through two such groups. The lateral surfaces of the clusters were completely ...
... show neighboring confocal sections through two such groups. The lateral surfaces of the clusters were completely ...
A Model of Primitive Streak Initiation in the Chick Embryo
... explain naturally the key experimental observations and could have much wider applicability in embryonic development. The model is described in Section 2 and the results of a travelling wave analysis (detailed in Appendix A) are summarized in Section 3 showing that, for realistic parameter values, t ...
... explain naturally the key experimental observations and could have much wider applicability in embryonic development. The model is described in Section 2 and the results of a travelling wave analysis (detailed in Appendix A) are summarized in Section 3 showing that, for realistic parameter values, t ...
A Critical Role for Egr-1 Characterization of CD44 Induction by IL-1:
... (8). Furthermore, three studies have shown that an anti-CD44 Ab, IM7, has antiinflammatory effects in several in vivo models of inflammation (15–17). Finally, binding of low m.w. fragments of hyaluronic acid (HA) to alveolar macrophages via CD44 elicits the expression of a number of proinflammatory ...
... (8). Furthermore, three studies have shown that an anti-CD44 Ab, IM7, has antiinflammatory effects in several in vivo models of inflammation (15–17). Finally, binding of low m.w. fragments of hyaluronic acid (HA) to alveolar macrophages via CD44 elicits the expression of a number of proinflammatory ...
Different Roles for Simple-Cell and Complex
... and Miller, 2001; Lauritzen et al., 2001; Troyer et al., 2002) but not in our original study (Troyer et al., 1998); these data are used because they are the only published data of which we are aware that includes responses both at multiple temporal frequencies and multiple contrasts. This LGN cell h ...
... and Miller, 2001; Lauritzen et al., 2001; Troyer et al., 2002) but not in our original study (Troyer et al., 1998); these data are used because they are the only published data of which we are aware that includes responses both at multiple temporal frequencies and multiple contrasts. This LGN cell h ...
NADPH oxidases as electrochemical generators to produce ion
... six transmembrane a-helices. EF—Ca2þ-binding EF-hand motif. PRR—proline-rich region, Src homology-3 domain. DUOX1 and DUOX2 were called dual oxidases because they have an additional ‘peroxidase’-like motif at their N-terminus on the outer surface of the membrane [27]. The product of the DUOXs is H2O ...
... six transmembrane a-helices. EF—Ca2þ-binding EF-hand motif. PRR—proline-rich region, Src homology-3 domain. DUOX1 and DUOX2 were called dual oxidases because they have an additional ‘peroxidase’-like motif at their N-terminus on the outer surface of the membrane [27]. The product of the DUOXs is H2O ...
Arachidonic acid inhibits the store-operated Ca2+ current in rat liver
... the open channel directly or modulates the mechanism by which I SOC is slowly inactivated [31]. Addition of 10 µM AA to the internal solution containing 20 µM Ins(1,4,5)P3 had no effect on the development or amplitude of I SOC (Figure 2C). Under conditions used in the experiments with H4IIE cells de ...
... the open channel directly or modulates the mechanism by which I SOC is slowly inactivated [31]. Addition of 10 µM AA to the internal solution containing 20 µM Ins(1,4,5)P3 had no effect on the development or amplitude of I SOC (Figure 2C). Under conditions used in the experiments with H4IIE cells de ...
Targeting Membrane-Bound Viral RNA Synthesis Reveals
... involved in virus replication represents an attractive, however yet largely unexplored approach. In this work, we describe a novel inhibitor of coronavirus replication that specifically interferes with membrane-bound coronaviral RNA synthesis. This novel mode-of-action is characterized by severe imp ...
... involved in virus replication represents an attractive, however yet largely unexplored approach. In this work, we describe a novel inhibitor of coronavirus replication that specifically interferes with membrane-bound coronaviral RNA synthesis. This novel mode-of-action is characterized by severe imp ...
mycoplasmas in tissue culture
... support mycoplasma growth. However, Fogh, Hahn & Fogh (1965) found that mycoplasmas isolated from several tissue cultures were capable of growing in cellfree tissue-culture medium. Growth of the mycoplasmas was enhanced by the addition of yeast extract. In a carefully controlled series of experiment ...
... support mycoplasma growth. However, Fogh, Hahn & Fogh (1965) found that mycoplasmas isolated from several tissue cultures were capable of growing in cellfree tissue-culture medium. Growth of the mycoplasmas was enhanced by the addition of yeast extract. In a carefully controlled series of experiment ...
Synthetic Physical Interactions Map Kinetochore
... there is a precedent for checkpoint activation via kinetochore-independent clustering of the Aurora kinase (Campbell and Desai 2013). Therefore, we hypothesized that associations of a checkpoint protein with a variety of cellular proteins could potentially activate the SAC. However, more specifically ...
... there is a precedent for checkpoint activation via kinetochore-independent clustering of the Aurora kinase (Campbell and Desai 2013). Therefore, we hypothesized that associations of a checkpoint protein with a variety of cellular proteins could potentially activate the SAC. However, more specifically ...
Actin Dynamics in Papilla Cells of Brassica rapa
... after cross-pollination, the period when many pollen grains germinate and begin to penetrate the papilla cell wall, many actin bundles were seen both along the longitudinal axis and concentrated at the pollen germination site (Fig. 1C, arrows). In contrast, during self-pollination, actin filaments a ...
... after cross-pollination, the period when many pollen grains germinate and begin to penetrate the papilla cell wall, many actin bundles were seen both along the longitudinal axis and concentrated at the pollen germination site (Fig. 1C, arrows). In contrast, during self-pollination, actin filaments a ...
Plant Gravitropism. Unraveling the Ups and
... However, it should be cautioned that alternative models have also been proposed, which implicate mechanosensitive ion channels located within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; Sack, 1991) or vacuolar membranes (see below) as potential gravity receptors. Such models are based on observations of tight as ...
... However, it should be cautioned that alternative models have also been proposed, which implicate mechanosensitive ion channels located within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; Sack, 1991) or vacuolar membranes (see below) as potential gravity receptors. Such models are based on observations of tight as ...
Developmental origin and lineage plasticity of endogenous cardiac
... unexplored. This Review summarizes what is known about different populations of embryonic and adult cardiac stem cells, including KIT+, PDGFRα+, ISL1+ and SCA1+ cells, side population cells, cardiospheres and epicardial cells. We discuss their developmental origins and defining characteristics, and ...
... unexplored. This Review summarizes what is known about different populations of embryonic and adult cardiac stem cells, including KIT+, PDGFRα+, ISL1+ and SCA1+ cells, side population cells, cardiospheres and epicardial cells. We discuss their developmental origins and defining characteristics, and ...
FasL gene knock-down therapy enhances the
... F98shFasL10, F98shFasL11) are shown in (Fig. 3B and C). The transfection and selection procedures had no effect on the in vitro growth characteristics of the cloned cell lines (data not shown). The effects of FasL knock-down on Jurkat cell death was examined in the glioma:Jurkat cell cocultures. The ...
... F98shFasL10, F98shFasL11) are shown in (Fig. 3B and C). The transfection and selection procedures had no effect on the in vitro growth characteristics of the cloned cell lines (data not shown). The effects of FasL knock-down on Jurkat cell death was examined in the glioma:Jurkat cell cocultures. The ...
Cell-penetrating peptides and antimicrobial peptides: how different
... such, there will be many more peptide molecules available for pore formation than for pore crossing. In addition, pore diameters are relatively narrow and usually not longer than the length of the peptides (alamethicin barrel stave pores have a diameter of 2–3 nm [77] and those of toroidal mellitin ...
... such, there will be many more peptide molecules available for pore formation than for pore crossing. In addition, pore diameters are relatively narrow and usually not longer than the length of the peptides (alamethicin barrel stave pores have a diameter of 2–3 nm [77] and those of toroidal mellitin ...
Apical ectodermal ridge morphogenesis in limb development is
... characteristic histological appearance. However, the processes governing this compaction are not fully understood. It has been proposed that movements of cells are crucial to achieve the normal stratification and AER morphology, but the contribution of active migration, cell intercalation, different ...
... characteristic histological appearance. However, the processes governing this compaction are not fully understood. It has been proposed that movements of cells are crucial to achieve the normal stratification and AER morphology, but the contribution of active migration, cell intercalation, different ...
Bacterial Growth and Cell Division: a Mycobacterial Perspective
... factor), sulfolipids specific to M. tuberculosis, and the phosphatidylinositol mannosides. In slow-growing, pathogenic mycobacteria, such as M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, the LAMs are capped at the terminal -Ara residue with mannose residues and are referred to as ManLAMs (68, 69, 301, 324), where ...
... factor), sulfolipids specific to M. tuberculosis, and the phosphatidylinositol mannosides. In slow-growing, pathogenic mycobacteria, such as M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, the LAMs are capped at the terminal -Ara residue with mannose residues and are referred to as ManLAMs (68, 69, 301, 324), where ...
Defects in mesoderm, neural tube and vascular development in
... phenol/chloroform, once with chloroform and ethanol-precipitated. Embryos in paraffin sections were genotyped by scraping embryonic tissue from sections. Scrapings from several sections were pooled in 60 µl H 2O, incubated with 20 µg Proteinase K at 55°C for 30 minutes, 95°C for 10 minutes. Separate ...
... phenol/chloroform, once with chloroform and ethanol-precipitated. Embryos in paraffin sections were genotyped by scraping embryonic tissue from sections. Scrapings from several sections were pooled in 60 µl H 2O, incubated with 20 µg Proteinase K at 55°C for 30 minutes, 95°C for 10 minutes. Separate ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.