CONDUCTION INTRODUCTION
... Because the electrical signal (the change in membrane potential) decreases in size as it is conducted along the the cell, this is called conduction with decrement. The distance over which the signal decreases to 1/e (37%) of its maximum strength is call the length constant (λ) of the cell. (e is th ...
... Because the electrical signal (the change in membrane potential) decreases in size as it is conducted along the the cell, this is called conduction with decrement. The distance over which the signal decreases to 1/e (37%) of its maximum strength is call the length constant (λ) of the cell. (e is th ...
mast cells and basophils
... linked to the expression of FcεRI and development of histamine containing granules, which together distinguish these cells from other haemopoetic cells. The synthesis of the FcεRI α-chain appears to be one of the earliest events involved preceding the formation of metachromatic granules [48, 49]. Ev ...
... linked to the expression of FcεRI and development of histamine containing granules, which together distinguish these cells from other haemopoetic cells. The synthesis of the FcεRI α-chain appears to be one of the earliest events involved preceding the formation of metachromatic granules [48, 49]. Ev ...
New immunotherapies targeting the
... lung, and skin [2,7]. This tissue expression plays an important role in regulating immune responses in the periphery [11,12]. In addition to these normal tissues, PD-L1 is often overexpressed on cancers as a mechanism for the cancerous cells to avoid immune surveillance. It is most likely that PD-L1 ...
... lung, and skin [2,7]. This tissue expression plays an important role in regulating immune responses in the periphery [11,12]. In addition to these normal tissues, PD-L1 is often overexpressed on cancers as a mechanism for the cancerous cells to avoid immune surveillance. It is most likely that PD-L1 ...
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... specific SS. This plays an important role as the consensus sequences that make up the 51 SS, 31 SS and BPS are degenerate in higher eukaryotes where alternative splicing is predominant [5]. This also results in SS alone not being capable of efficiently directing spliceosomal assembly. SR and hnRNP p ...
... specific SS. This plays an important role as the consensus sequences that make up the 51 SS, 31 SS and BPS are degenerate in higher eukaryotes where alternative splicing is predominant [5]. This also results in SS alone not being capable of efficiently directing spliceosomal assembly. SR and hnRNP p ...
Escherichia coli Karl Skoog
... describe the biochemistry and cell biology of cell division in bacteria. This process can be divided into three major steps. The first step involves the replication of the DNA, followed by an elongation step in which the cells become twice as long. In the last step the elongated cell constricts in t ...
... describe the biochemistry and cell biology of cell division in bacteria. This process can be divided into three major steps. The first step involves the replication of the DNA, followed by an elongation step in which the cells become twice as long. In the last step the elongated cell constricts in t ...
The Molecular Basis of the Evolution and Diversity of Stomatal
... into pavement cells. The MMC divides asymmetrically to form a meristemoid (M) and SLGC and may reiterate similar divisions several times. MUTE controls the cell-state transition from M to GMC, and FAMA is required for correct division of the GMC into GCs forming a functional stoma. It is proposed th ...
... into pavement cells. The MMC divides asymmetrically to form a meristemoid (M) and SLGC and may reiterate similar divisions several times. MUTE controls the cell-state transition from M to GMC, and FAMA is required for correct division of the GMC into GCs forming a functional stoma. It is proposed th ...
Balancing mitochondrial biogenesis and
... hazardous reactive oxygen species as by-products of respiration. Thus, eukaryotic cells have evolved a wide arsenal of quality control mechanisms to preserve mitochondrial homeostasis and prevent cellular damage and eventual death. Mitophagy, a selective type of autophagy, is triggered upon accumula ...
... hazardous reactive oxygen species as by-products of respiration. Thus, eukaryotic cells have evolved a wide arsenal of quality control mechanisms to preserve mitochondrial homeostasis and prevent cellular damage and eventual death. Mitophagy, a selective type of autophagy, is triggered upon accumula ...
Expanded GAA repeats impair FXN gene expression and reposition
... Figure 1. The expanded GAA repeat FXN transgene associates with the NL more frequently in an FXN-GAA-MS2-Luc cell model. (A) Schematic representation of the pBACFXN-MS2-Luc and pBAC-FXN-GAA-MS2-Luc vectors. Each vector carries either six or ∼310 GAA repeats in intron 1, an array of 24 MBS in exon 2 ...
... Figure 1. The expanded GAA repeat FXN transgene associates with the NL more frequently in an FXN-GAA-MS2-Luc cell model. (A) Schematic representation of the pBACFXN-MS2-Luc and pBAC-FXN-GAA-MS2-Luc vectors. Each vector carries either six or ∼310 GAA repeats in intron 1, an array of 24 MBS in exon 2 ...
Binding Sites for Bacterial Flagella at the Surface of the Soil Amoeba
... numbers of motile bacteria at its periphery. These agglutinated bacteria were endocytosed after being swept backwards into what she termed a ‘cap’. The wider significance of this finding was not appreciated, and it is ironic that it was 20 years later that what is generally considered to be the firs ...
... numbers of motile bacteria at its periphery. These agglutinated bacteria were endocytosed after being swept backwards into what she termed a ‘cap’. The wider significance of this finding was not appreciated, and it is ironic that it was 20 years later that what is generally considered to be the firs ...
Extracellular matrix of the charophycean green algae
... analysis suggests the presence of type I rhamnogalacturonan (RGI). Cross-OLQNLQJȕglucans are associated with cellulose microfibrils during land plant cell growth, and were found in the cell wall of CGA. The evidence of mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) in the ...
... analysis suggests the presence of type I rhamnogalacturonan (RGI). Cross-OLQNLQJȕglucans are associated with cellulose microfibrils during land plant cell growth, and were found in the cell wall of CGA. The evidence of mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) in the ...
Differential function of Listeria monocytogenes listeriolysin O and
... grown in the presence of IPTG (pre-induced) were used to infect a monolayer of CellTracker™ Blue-labelled mBMDM in the absence of inducer. In the absence of continued IPTG induction, we speculated that intracellular LLO production would cease (Table 1). At 6 h post infection, the infected mBMDM were ...
... grown in the presence of IPTG (pre-induced) were used to infect a monolayer of CellTracker™ Blue-labelled mBMDM in the absence of inducer. In the absence of continued IPTG induction, we speculated that intracellular LLO production would cease (Table 1). At 6 h post infection, the infected mBMDM were ...
Light-Dependent Intracellular Positioning of Mitochondria in
... One of the characteristic features of plant cells is rapid, continuous movement of cell organelles, which is essential for the active growth and development of plant cells. This applies not only to nuclei and chloroplasts, of which various aspects of intracellular distribution and movement have been ...
... One of the characteristic features of plant cells is rapid, continuous movement of cell organelles, which is essential for the active growth and development of plant cells. This applies not only to nuclei and chloroplasts, of which various aspects of intracellular distribution and movement have been ...
OSMOSIS (A self-instructional package)
... As this occurred, the sucrose in A would be diluted, while that in B became more concentrated. When the sucrose concentrations in A and B are exactly equal, osmosis will cease. Water will be in equilibrium between A and B. Since the membrane is permeable to water, but impermeable to sucrose, the mem ...
... As this occurred, the sucrose in A would be diluted, while that in B became more concentrated. When the sucrose concentrations in A and B are exactly equal, osmosis will cease. Water will be in equilibrium between A and B. Since the membrane is permeable to water, but impermeable to sucrose, the mem ...
Kratsch, H.A . and R.R. Wise. 2000. The ultrastructure of chilling stress. Plant, Cell Environment 23: 337-350.
... chilling stress is no exception. There are many factors such as light intensity, relative humidity and the inherent sensitivity of the plant to chilling that interact and may either enhance the effect or act as protection against injury. Indeed, it is arguably next to impossible to control for all o ...
... chilling stress is no exception. There are many factors such as light intensity, relative humidity and the inherent sensitivity of the plant to chilling that interact and may either enhance the effect or act as protection against injury. Indeed, it is arguably next to impossible to control for all o ...
phosphatases and differentiation of the golgi apparatus
... zone' (Clowes, 1961), mitotic activity is apparently much lower than in some of the other cell types of the root, as are certain other metabolic activities (Jensen, 1957, 1958). Just basipetal to this region the cells, here termed apical initials, have a higher rate of mitotic activity, but are not ...
... zone' (Clowes, 1961), mitotic activity is apparently much lower than in some of the other cell types of the root, as are certain other metabolic activities (Jensen, 1957, 1958). Just basipetal to this region the cells, here termed apical initials, have a higher rate of mitotic activity, but are not ...
the sting bulb gland in myrmecia and nothomyrmecia
... cell. The efferent ducts open into the venom canal through the most distal wall and the adjacent dorsal region of the tissue projection (Figs 1-3). In close proximity to the glandular ceils are nerve fibres (Fig. 5) and tracheoles, the latter sometimes penetrating them (Fig. 6). The gland also occur ...
... cell. The efferent ducts open into the venom canal through the most distal wall and the adjacent dorsal region of the tissue projection (Figs 1-3). In close proximity to the glandular ceils are nerve fibres (Fig. 5) and tracheoles, the latter sometimes penetrating them (Fig. 6). The gland also occur ...
P-selectin anchors newly released ultralarge von
... multimers and releasing 176-kDa and 140-kDa fragments into the circulation.14,20,21 Not only is the processed form of VWF smaller, but also it is only active in the presence of modulators such as ristocetin or botrocetin, when exposed to high fluid shear stress, or when immobilized onto a solid surf ...
... multimers and releasing 176-kDa and 140-kDa fragments into the circulation.14,20,21 Not only is the processed form of VWF smaller, but also it is only active in the presence of modulators such as ristocetin or botrocetin, when exposed to high fluid shear stress, or when immobilized onto a solid surf ...
Liposome
... The lipid film obtained was dispersed in PBS containing hLf and incubated for 5 hours at room temperature to facilitate the annealing process. Five freeze - thaw cycles were performed to obtain a suitable size (about 200 nm) and a high efficiency of hLf incorporation in multivesicular liposomes (mul ...
... The lipid film obtained was dispersed in PBS containing hLf and incubated for 5 hours at room temperature to facilitate the annealing process. Five freeze - thaw cycles were performed to obtain a suitable size (about 200 nm) and a high efficiency of hLf incorporation in multivesicular liposomes (mul ...
Loss of PTEN Promotes Tumor Development in
... process in melanoma tumorigenesis and has been reported to contribute to the development of 30 – 60% of noninherited melanomas (9, 10). The alteration usually entails loss of an entire chromosome 10 homologue, because it is easier for melanoma cells to lose the intact chromosome than to undergo mult ...
... process in melanoma tumorigenesis and has been reported to contribute to the development of 30 – 60% of noninherited melanomas (9, 10). The alteration usually entails loss of an entire chromosome 10 homologue, because it is easier for melanoma cells to lose the intact chromosome than to undergo mult ...
y or edat
... were studied and revealed insights into the population heterogeneity following viral infection. ...
... were studied and revealed insights into the population heterogeneity following viral infection. ...
Pass the bicarb: the importance of HCO3 – for mucin release
... Accumulation of thick, sticky mucus is a hallmark of the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) and has a central role in CF pathophysiology. Mutations in the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) ion channel are known to result in abnormally thick and sticky mucus; however, why mucus accumulates in CF is ...
... Accumulation of thick, sticky mucus is a hallmark of the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) and has a central role in CF pathophysiology. Mutations in the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) ion channel are known to result in abnormally thick and sticky mucus; however, why mucus accumulates in CF is ...
Microfabrication in Biology and Medicine
... For biological or medical microsystems, silicon may not be the material of choice. It is not optically transparent, preventing the use of transmission microscopy, and its cost can potentially be too large for disposable devices. Glass Although the range of micromachining processes for glass is less ...
... For biological or medical microsystems, silicon may not be the material of choice. It is not optically transparent, preventing the use of transmission microscopy, and its cost can potentially be too large for disposable devices. Glass Although the range of micromachining processes for glass is less ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.