ERK Nuclear Translocation Is Dimerization
... Stimulation of numerous cell surface receptors leads to activation of the Raf/MEK7/ERK signaling pathway. In this kinase cascade, Raf phosphorylates only MEK, and MEK phosphorylates only ERK, whereas ERK is able to phosphorylate many substrates in nearly all cell compartments (1). Noncatalytic activ ...
... Stimulation of numerous cell surface receptors leads to activation of the Raf/MEK7/ERK signaling pathway. In this kinase cascade, Raf phosphorylates only MEK, and MEK phosphorylates only ERK, whereas ERK is able to phosphorylate many substrates in nearly all cell compartments (1). Noncatalytic activ ...
Differential Subnuclear Localization of RNA Strands of Opposite
... Infected Plant Tissues To determine whether the localization patterns of the ( )- and ()-strand PSTVd RNAs observed in cultured N. benthamiana cells would mirror the situation in infected plants, we used FISH to detect the subcellular localization of PSTVd on cryosections of systemically infected ...
... Infected Plant Tissues To determine whether the localization patterns of the ( )- and ()-strand PSTVd RNAs observed in cultured N. benthamiana cells would mirror the situation in infected plants, we used FISH to detect the subcellular localization of PSTVd on cryosections of systemically infected ...
Organization and translation of mRNA in sympathetic axons
... independent of their cell bodies but the nature, organization and magnitude of axonal protein synthesis remain unclear. We have examined these features in axons of chick sympathetic neurons in cell culture. In situ hybridization showed that poly(A) mRNA is abundant and non-uniformly distributed in n ...
... independent of their cell bodies but the nature, organization and magnitude of axonal protein synthesis remain unclear. We have examined these features in axons of chick sympathetic neurons in cell culture. In situ hybridization showed that poly(A) mRNA is abundant and non-uniformly distributed in n ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Plant Cell Interactions and Activities
... mediate these two processes. First, we examine the means by which Agrobacterium recognizes the host, via both diffusible plant-derived chemicals and cell-cell contact, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which multiple host signals are recognized and activate the virulence process. Second, we charact ...
... mediate these two processes. First, we examine the means by which Agrobacterium recognizes the host, via both diffusible plant-derived chemicals and cell-cell contact, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which multiple host signals are recognized and activate the virulence process. Second, we charact ...
Evidence for the presence of calsequestrin in two structurally
... is closely apposed to the sarcolemma to which it is connected by junctional processes called "feet" (28). Corbular sarcoplasmic reticulum, bulbous and cistemal expansions on the network sarcoplasmic reticulum, also has granular material in its lumen and junctional processes extending from its cytopl ...
... is closely apposed to the sarcolemma to which it is connected by junctional processes called "feet" (28). Corbular sarcoplasmic reticulum, bulbous and cistemal expansions on the network sarcoplasmic reticulum, also has granular material in its lumen and junctional processes extending from its cytopl ...
Title Soybean extracts increase cell surface ZIP4 abundance and
... increase ZIP4 could potentially enhance zinc absorption by the intestine. In this study, we used mouse Hepa cells, which regulate mouse Zip4 (mZip4) in a manner indistinguishable from that in intestinal enterocytes, to screen for suitable food components able to increase the abundance of ZIP4. Using ...
... increase ZIP4 could potentially enhance zinc absorption by the intestine. In this study, we used mouse Hepa cells, which regulate mouse Zip4 (mZip4) in a manner indistinguishable from that in intestinal enterocytes, to screen for suitable food components able to increase the abundance of ZIP4. Using ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Plant Cell - igem
... mediate these two processes. First, we examine the means by which Agrobacterium recognizes the host, via both diffusible plant-derived chemicals and cell-cell contact, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which multiple host signals are recognized and activate the virulence process. Second, we charact ...
... mediate these two processes. First, we examine the means by which Agrobacterium recognizes the host, via both diffusible plant-derived chemicals and cell-cell contact, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which multiple host signals are recognized and activate the virulence process. Second, we charact ...
A PP2A-B55 recognition signal controls substrate
... metaphase to anaphase transition. Idealized temporal dephosphorylation profiles for B55 substrates in control (Control), B55 (-B55), and Greatwall–MASTL (-Gwl) inactivated conditions are shown in the graph. (B) Western blot analysis of PRC1 pT481 dephosphorylation in control (siControl), B55 (siB55 ...
... metaphase to anaphase transition. Idealized temporal dephosphorylation profiles for B55 substrates in control (Control), B55 (-B55), and Greatwall–MASTL (-Gwl) inactivated conditions are shown in the graph. (B) Western blot analysis of PRC1 pT481 dephosphorylation in control (siControl), B55 (siB55 ...
Part 3 (Archaea - Updates Book)
... c) Korarcheota are only known from their DNA sequences—nothing more is known about them (they have only recently been discovered). b. Archaea differ in their chemical make-up from other lifeforms. 1) While archaea have many features that look similar to those found on other cells, these features are ...
... c) Korarcheota are only known from their DNA sequences—nothing more is known about them (they have only recently been discovered). b. Archaea differ in their chemical make-up from other lifeforms. 1) While archaea have many features that look similar to those found on other cells, these features are ...
Mechanisms Shaping the Membranes of Cellular Organelles
... topologically by remodeling, a process that occurs most often by fusion or fission. During fusion two separate membranes merge into one, whereas during fission a continuous membrane is divided into two separate ones. For example, ER tubules can fuse with an existing tubule to form a three-way junction ...
... topologically by remodeling, a process that occurs most often by fusion or fission. During fusion two separate membranes merge into one, whereas during fission a continuous membrane is divided into two separate ones. For example, ER tubules can fuse with an existing tubule to form a three-way junction ...
Germ Cell Speci fi cation - Molecular Biology and Genetics
... resume divisions only in the first (L1) larval stage after the larva begins feeding. Z2 and Z3 will eventually generate ~2,000 germ cells by adulthood (Kimble and White 1981). ...
... resume divisions only in the first (L1) larval stage after the larva begins feeding. Z2 and Z3 will eventually generate ~2,000 germ cells by adulthood (Kimble and White 1981). ...
Plant Cell, 20, 1623-1638. - McGill Biology
... cells, which are constitutively secreting cell wall components to all regions of the plasma membrane, is a stepwise process occurring from cis to trans and that different products can be synthesized in the same Golgi stack. A separate study showed that transport vesicles in clover root tips, another ...
... cells, which are constitutively secreting cell wall components to all regions of the plasma membrane, is a stepwise process occurring from cis to trans and that different products can be synthesized in the same Golgi stack. A separate study showed that transport vesicles in clover root tips, another ...
Analysis of the Golgi Apparatus in Arabidopsis Seed
... cells, which are constitutively secreting cell wall components to all regions of the plasma membrane, is a stepwise process occurring from cis to trans and that different products can be synthesized in the same Golgi stack. A separate study showed that transport vesicles in clover root tips, another ...
... cells, which are constitutively secreting cell wall components to all regions of the plasma membrane, is a stepwise process occurring from cis to trans and that different products can be synthesized in the same Golgi stack. A separate study showed that transport vesicles in clover root tips, another ...
Out of the Mouths of Plants: The Molecular Basis of the Evolution
... into pavement cells. The MMC divides asymmetrically to form a meristemoid (M) and SLGC and may reiterate similar divisions several times. MUTE controls the cell-state transition from M to GMC, and FAMA is required for correct division of the GMC into GCs forming a functional stoma. It is proposed th ...
... into pavement cells. The MMC divides asymmetrically to form a meristemoid (M) and SLGC and may reiterate similar divisions several times. MUTE controls the cell-state transition from M to GMC, and FAMA is required for correct division of the GMC into GCs forming a functional stoma. It is proposed th ...
Wood - 2010 - Nat Rev Genet
... associate with the nucleolus. Condensin binds all yeast tDNA genes24,25, and disruption of any condensin subunit causes the dispersal of tDNA clusters and infrequent association with the nucleolus. Chemical inhibition of RNAPIII transcription has little effect on condensin binding to tDNA loci, show ...
... associate with the nucleolus. Condensin binds all yeast tDNA genes24,25, and disruption of any condensin subunit causes the dispersal of tDNA clusters and infrequent association with the nucleolus. Chemical inhibition of RNAPIII transcription has little effect on condensin binding to tDNA loci, show ...
assembly and enlargement of the primary cell wall in plants
... New cell walls originate from the cell plate formed by the phragmoplast during cytokinesis of plant cells. Early stages of cell plate formation have been reviewed recently (Samuels et al 1995, Verma & Gu 1996), but the later transition from a labile cell plate into a stable wall has drawn less atten ...
... New cell walls originate from the cell plate formed by the phragmoplast during cytokinesis of plant cells. Early stages of cell plate formation have been reviewed recently (Samuels et al 1995, Verma & Gu 1996), but the later transition from a labile cell plate into a stable wall has drawn less atten ...
Saccharomyces boulardii Using Intraspecific Protoplast Fusion
... into M MR medium supplemented with adenine or lysine or argenine to determine the number of intact yeast cells. Table (2) showed that the number of intact S.b.M1 cells was about 3000 cells / ml of protoplast suspension while it was about 4500 and 5500 cells / ml for S.b.M2 and S.b.M3, respectively. ...
... into M MR medium supplemented with adenine or lysine or argenine to determine the number of intact yeast cells. Table (2) showed that the number of intact S.b.M1 cells was about 3000 cells / ml of protoplast suspension while it was about 4500 and 5500 cells / ml for S.b.M2 and S.b.M3, respectively. ...
Mitochondria in lung biology and pathology: more than - AJP-Lung
... Previous studies by this group had shown that the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1␣ (HIF-1␣) is triggered by hypoxia-induced release of ROS from mitochondria. In PASMC, hypoxia also triggers stabilization of HIF-1␣ by inhibiting prolyl hydroxylase, which targets the protein for degradatio ...
... Previous studies by this group had shown that the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1␣ (HIF-1␣) is triggered by hypoxia-induced release of ROS from mitochondria. In PASMC, hypoxia also triggers stabilization of HIF-1␣ by inhibiting prolyl hydroxylase, which targets the protein for degradatio ...
The influence of chronic stress on T cell immunity
... responses, for instance to prevent the body from harmful excessive immune responses. CNSimmune interactions also play an important role during stress responses. The stress response is essential for the organism since it facilitates all necessary changes (physiological and behavioral) that allow the ...
... responses, for instance to prevent the body from harmful excessive immune responses. CNSimmune interactions also play an important role during stress responses. The stress response is essential for the organism since it facilitates all necessary changes (physiological and behavioral) that allow the ...
observations on luminescence in noctiluca
... margin of the vessel. Upon agitating the container, many of the cells respond by a bright flash. Similarly, moving an object through the water, or blowing a jet of air on the surface, agitates the cells and causes them to flash. Animals moving through the water also disturb the Noctilucae, and make ...
... margin of the vessel. Upon agitating the container, many of the cells respond by a bright flash. Similarly, moving an object through the water, or blowing a jet of air on the surface, agitates the cells and causes them to flash. Animals moving through the water also disturb the Noctilucae, and make ...
Phage adsorption and lytic propagation in
... phages were not able to propagate in starved cells in a mineral salt medium [13]. In particular, some authors reported phage T4 is able to adapt its multiplication cycle according to the host cell physiological state. Thus, the lytic cycle might be prolonged (rate of phage release and burst size dec ...
... phages were not able to propagate in starved cells in a mineral salt medium [13]. In particular, some authors reported phage T4 is able to adapt its multiplication cycle according to the host cell physiological state. Thus, the lytic cycle might be prolonged (rate of phage release and burst size dec ...
... PD-1 was discovered almost two decades ago on a T cell hybridoma line undergoing activation-induced programmed cell death, hence the name [2]. This original observation led to the hypothesis that PD-1 may function as a cell death inducer, but the expression seen was more likely due to T cell activat ...
Chapter # PLASMA MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPID ASYMMETRY
... augmented by phospholipid translocases as membranes are sorted and differentiated throughout the cell. ...
... augmented by phospholipid translocases as membranes are sorted and differentiated throughout the cell. ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.