Pass the bicarb: the importance of HCO3 – for mucin release
... Accumulation of thick, sticky mucus is a hallmark of the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) and has a central role in CF pathophysiology. Mutations in the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) ion channel are known to result in abnormally thick and sticky mucus; however, why mucus accumulates in CF is ...
... Accumulation of thick, sticky mucus is a hallmark of the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) and has a central role in CF pathophysiology. Mutations in the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) ion channel are known to result in abnormally thick and sticky mucus; however, why mucus accumulates in CF is ...
An Isotype-specific Activator of Major Histocompatibility Complex
... genes critical for class II expression (7–11). Two of these genes, CIITA (class II transactivator) and RFX5, have been isolated by expression cloning from a wild-type cDNA library using cell lines from MHC class II CID complementation groups II and IV, respectively, as recipients. It should be noted ...
... genes critical for class II expression (7–11). Two of these genes, CIITA (class II transactivator) and RFX5, have been isolated by expression cloning from a wild-type cDNA library using cell lines from MHC class II CID complementation groups II and IV, respectively, as recipients. It should be noted ...
Adenosine affects expression of membrane molecules, cytokine and
... the 20-100 mM or µM range have been detected in injured tissues (13-16). In addition, about 20% of the intracellular ATP content from eukariotic cells can be released by type III secretion machinery (17). Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that activated neutrophils release AMP in the 10 µM ra ...
... the 20-100 mM or µM range have been detected in injured tissues (13-16). In addition, about 20% of the intracellular ATP content from eukariotic cells can be released by type III secretion machinery (17). Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that activated neutrophils release AMP in the 10 µM ra ...
Mast cells and basophils in acquired immunity
... normal numbers of bone marrow or blood basophils, but is mandatory for the striking bone marrow and blood basophilia associated with certain Th-2 cell-associated immunological responses1-7'9. Mediators stored preformed in the cytoplasmic granules of basophils include chondroitin sulphates, proteases ...
... normal numbers of bone marrow or blood basophils, but is mandatory for the striking bone marrow and blood basophilia associated with certain Th-2 cell-associated immunological responses1-7'9. Mediators stored preformed in the cytoplasmic granules of basophils include chondroitin sulphates, proteases ...
Cyclic AMP-Mediated Inhibition of Cell Growth Requires the Small G
... experiments, cells were treated with isoproterenol (10 M), EGF (100 ng/ml), or forskolin (10 M) for 5 min unless otherwise indicated. Where indicated, cells were pretreated with isoproterenol or forskolin for 5 min and then stimulated with EGF for 5 min. H89 (10 M) and PD98059 (10 M) were added ...
... experiments, cells were treated with isoproterenol (10 M), EGF (100 ng/ml), or forskolin (10 M) for 5 min unless otherwise indicated. Where indicated, cells were pretreated with isoproterenol or forskolin for 5 min and then stimulated with EGF for 5 min. H89 (10 M) and PD98059 (10 M) were added ...
Pontin and Reptin regulate cell proliferation in early Xenopus
... Makino et al., 1999; Wood et al., 2000). They all share the conserved domains Walker A and Walker B. These motifs are also found in the RuvB bacterial recombination factor and have been characterized to bind (Walker A) and hydrolyze ATP (Walker B) (Hishida et al., 1999). The ATP dependent DNA-helica ...
... Makino et al., 1999; Wood et al., 2000). They all share the conserved domains Walker A and Walker B. These motifs are also found in the RuvB bacterial recombination factor and have been characterized to bind (Walker A) and hydrolyze ATP (Walker B) (Hishida et al., 1999). The ATP dependent DNA-helica ...
1 Nucleoli: Composition, Function and Dynamics
... In contrast, characterization of the proteome of plant nucleoli lags significantly behind. In an initial proteomic analysis of purified Arabidopsis nucleoli 217 proteins were identified. In addition to the expected ribosomal and nucleolar proteins, a range of nonribosomal and non-nucleolar proteins ...
... In contrast, characterization of the proteome of plant nucleoli lags significantly behind. In an initial proteomic analysis of purified Arabidopsis nucleoli 217 proteins were identified. In addition to the expected ribosomal and nucleolar proteins, a range of nonribosomal and non-nucleolar proteins ...
Anion homeostasis is important for non
... capsid proteins VP2 and VP3. VP1 forms 72 pentamers, with one copy of either VP2 or VP3 located on the inside of each pentamer. The orthopolyomaviruses also encode agnoprotein, a small hydrophobic multifunctional protein [6,7,22]. While many studies have investigated the mechanism of entry and assem ...
... capsid proteins VP2 and VP3. VP1 forms 72 pentamers, with one copy of either VP2 or VP3 located on the inside of each pentamer. The orthopolyomaviruses also encode agnoprotein, a small hydrophobic multifunctional protein [6,7,22]. While many studies have investigated the mechanism of entry and assem ...
regulation of the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion by
... Cytokinesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 Cell Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Other Functions of the Rho Family GTPases . . ...
... Cytokinesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 Cell Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Other Functions of the Rho Family GTPases . . ...
AUTOPHAGIC VACUOLES PRODUCED IN VITRO
... (Fig. 5) showed a distinct limiting membrane and a content of amorphous material, tiny vesicles, and small dense bodies resembling those seen in dilated terminal smooth ER of the normal cell (see above). The vacuoles in other affected cells were larger and highly irregular in shape (Fig. 6). More se ...
... (Fig. 5) showed a distinct limiting membrane and a content of amorphous material, tiny vesicles, and small dense bodies resembling those seen in dilated terminal smooth ER of the normal cell (see above). The vacuoles in other affected cells were larger and highly irregular in shape (Fig. 6). More se ...
Keystone- Biology Curriculum
... BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at BIO.A.1.2 Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ organization. systems, and multicellul ...
... BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at BIO.A.1.2 Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ organization. systems, and multicellul ...
Inhibition of virulence factor expression and swarming differentiation
... swarming, a form of multicellular behaviour in which vegetative bacteria differentiate into hyper¯agellate, ®lamentous swarming cells capable of co-ordinated and rapid population migration. Co-ordinate expression of virulence factors including urease, protease, haemolysin and ¯agellin during swarm-c ...
... swarming, a form of multicellular behaviour in which vegetative bacteria differentiate into hyper¯agellate, ®lamentous swarming cells capable of co-ordinated and rapid population migration. Co-ordinate expression of virulence factors including urease, protease, haemolysin and ¯agellin during swarm-c ...
Serial killers: ordering caspase activation events in apoptosis
... proteases are synthesized as inactive pro-enzymes (zymogens) that require removal of a pro-peptide by limited proteolysis, and (2) cells typically synthesise proteins that can complex with proteases and inhibit their activities (protease inhibitors). Both strategies are utilized in the control of ce ...
... proteases are synthesized as inactive pro-enzymes (zymogens) that require removal of a pro-peptide by limited proteolysis, and (2) cells typically synthesise proteins that can complex with proteases and inhibit their activities (protease inhibitors). Both strategies are utilized in the control of ce ...
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of DNA Topoisomerase II Alters
... top2 gene showed that this enzymatic activity is required for segregation of daughter chromosomes during anaphase.3 Biochemical studies using Xenopus egg extracts showed that topo II is essential for the condensation of interphase chromatin into metaphase chromosomes.4 Treatment of mammalian cells w ...
... top2 gene showed that this enzymatic activity is required for segregation of daughter chromosomes during anaphase.3 Biochemical studies using Xenopus egg extracts showed that topo II is essential for the condensation of interphase chromatin into metaphase chromosomes.4 Treatment of mammalian cells w ...
Nucleoli: Composition, Function, and Dynamics
... organizer regions (NORs) of the chromosomes (Raska et al., 2006a, 2006b). The rDNA repeats are transcribed as a single precursor RNA, which is edited into the three rRNAs by excising leading, internal, and trailing transcribed spacer sequences. The rDNA repeats are separated by untranscribed interge ...
... organizer regions (NORs) of the chromosomes (Raska et al., 2006a, 2006b). The rDNA repeats are transcribed as a single precursor RNA, which is edited into the three rRNAs by excising leading, internal, and trailing transcribed spacer sequences. The rDNA repeats are separated by untranscribed interge ...
Flamingo controls the planar polarity of sensory
... apterous–Gal4 > UAS–fmi pupae (n = 26), the Numb crescent was also mispositioned and the mitotic spindle misoriented within the epithelial plane, but they remained aligned with each other (Figure 3g,h). Therefore, loss of function and overexpression of fmi both disrupted the cellular process that re ...
... apterous–Gal4 > UAS–fmi pupae (n = 26), the Numb crescent was also mispositioned and the mitotic spindle misoriented within the epithelial plane, but they remained aligned with each other (Figure 3g,h). Therefore, loss of function and overexpression of fmi both disrupted the cellular process that re ...
Ezrin: a protein requiring conformational activation to link
... organized into domains by the underlying actin cytoskeleton, which together constitute the cell cortex. Thus, the cortical cytoskeleton not only contributes to structural support, but must also be regulated to coordinate the dynamic functions of membranes, such as endocytosis, exocytosis, and transm ...
... organized into domains by the underlying actin cytoskeleton, which together constitute the cell cortex. Thus, the cortical cytoskeleton not only contributes to structural support, but must also be regulated to coordinate the dynamic functions of membranes, such as endocytosis, exocytosis, and transm ...
Stored Red Blood Cell Transfusion Induces Regulatory T Cells
... the immune modulation of ABT because it results in progressive accumulation of immunologic mediators until the last day at which the PRBCs can be transfused (day 42).7-10 Prestorage leukoreduction (LR) has been proposed to ameliorate immunosuppression from donor leukocytes or donor leukocyte-derived ...
... the immune modulation of ABT because it results in progressive accumulation of immunologic mediators until the last day at which the PRBCs can be transfused (day 42).7-10 Prestorage leukoreduction (LR) has been proposed to ameliorate immunosuppression from donor leukocytes or donor leukocyte-derived ...
The Arabidopsis repressor of light signaling SPA1
... showing that the direct substrate of the COP1/SPA complex, CONSTANS, also acts in the phloem. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of phloem vascular tissue in coordinating growth and development. Because the SPA1 protein itself is incapable of moving from cell to cell, we suggest th ...
... showing that the direct substrate of the COP1/SPA complex, CONSTANS, also acts in the phloem. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of phloem vascular tissue in coordinating growth and development. Because the SPA1 protein itself is incapable of moving from cell to cell, we suggest th ...
pdf: Rahman et al. 2007.
... 1998). Furthermore, expression of an actin isoform in Arabidopsis, ACT7, is auxin-sensitive, so much so that callus formation is impaired when expression of the isoform is reduced (Kandasamy et al., 2001). Finally, it has been hypothesized that the asymmetric localization of carriers required for th ...
... 1998). Furthermore, expression of an actin isoform in Arabidopsis, ACT7, is auxin-sensitive, so much so that callus formation is impaired when expression of the isoform is reduced (Kandasamy et al., 2001). Finally, it has been hypothesized that the asymmetric localization of carriers required for th ...
Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell 08-09
... • The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... • The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Mesoderm migration in Drosophila is a multi-step process
... mesodermal tube formation, (II) collapse of the mesoderm, (III) dorsal migration and spreading and (IV) monolayer formation. Our data provide evidence that these steps are temporally distinct and that each might require different chemical inputs. To support this, we analyzed the role of fibroblast g ...
... mesodermal tube formation, (II) collapse of the mesoderm, (III) dorsal migration and spreading and (IV) monolayer formation. Our data provide evidence that these steps are temporally distinct and that each might require different chemical inputs. To support this, we analyzed the role of fibroblast g ...
Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-like Protein Mediates Necrosis
... The importance of necrotic cell death has been illustrated by several recent findings. Breeding onto a RIP3 knockout background rescues the developmental defects of caspase-8 knockout mice. This indicates that the cardiac, vascular, and hematopoietic defects that occur during the development of casp ...
... The importance of necrotic cell death has been illustrated by several recent findings. Breeding onto a RIP3 knockout background rescues the developmental defects of caspase-8 knockout mice. This indicates that the cardiac, vascular, and hematopoietic defects that occur during the development of casp ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.